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Plant Reproduction

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Plant Reproduction Home Page


4

Seed dispersal

Flower structure

Germination

Pollination

6
Fruit development

Test

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Click image to view a video on plant reproduction

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new
browser window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Flower structure

stigma
anther
style

stamen
filament

ovary
ovule

petal
sepal
peduncle
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

receptacle

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

carpel

Structure and function of the flower

stigma
anther
style

stamen
filament

ovary
ovule

petal
sepal
receptacle

peduncle
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

carpel

Flower Structure Quiz


What is the name of the structure labelled X in the
diagram?

carpel
sepal
X

stamen
peduncle
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Flower Structure Quiz


Where is pollen made?

stigma
sepal
anther
ovary

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Flower Structure Quiz


Where is the ovule found in a flower?

petals
style
nectary
ovary

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Flower Structure Quiz


Which parts of the flower are labelled below:

X = style, Y = stigma
X = filament, Y = anther

X = stigma, Y = style
X = anther, Y = filament

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RuYrFwDuYn0&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Pollination

The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)


Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther


to the stigma

This is an example of cross-pollination as the


pollen travels from one flower to a different flower.
This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects


or by wind

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract


insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
hooking onto
insect fur

nectar and a
scent present

Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects
Sticky stigma
to collect pollen

Flower Structure

Pollination

Brightly
coloured petals
Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure


because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.
Pollen grains are very
small and light. They
occur in very large
numbers

Anthers are exposed to the


wind so that pollen can
easily be blown away

Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind
Petals are small and
green as there is no
need to attract
insects
Flower Structure

No scent or nectary

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the


anther onto the stigma of the same flower
Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either


having stigma above stamen or

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

by having stamen and stigma mature at different


times.

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Click on the icons below to view the


summary videos on pollination

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste


this url into a new browser window and you can
watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q

Pollination (9 minutes)

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste


this url into a new browser window and you can
watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0

Insect pollination (1 minute)

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination Quiz
Pollination is the transfer from.?
the stigma to anther
style to stamen
ovule to filament
anther to stigma

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination Quiz
The two mechanisms for pollination are?
Wind and water
Insect and wind
Insect and water
Wind and birds

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination Quiz
Cross-pollination
Increases variation
Decreases variation
Is only performed by insects
Is only performed by wind

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Pollination Quiz
Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by
Having bright petals and a scent
Having a nectary
Having feathery stigmas
Having sticky stigmas

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Fertilisation and Fruit Development

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the


pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
ovary
ovule

Note: Petals not shown in


order to simplify diagram
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete


fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Watch this short introductory video to review


fertilisation (1 minute)

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser
window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE

Seed Dispersal

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Watch the video on seed dispersal


(lasts just under 10 minutes)

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new
browser window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM

After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.


The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.

Cotyledon:
Food store

Testa:
tough seed coat

Plumule:
Embryo shoot

Micropyle:
Hole made by
pollen tube

Radicle:
Embryo root

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Embryo
plant

Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes


dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.
Fleshy wall
of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!

seed

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent


plant in order to reduce competition for space,
light, nutrients and water.

Seeds can be dispersed by:

Wind
Water
Mechanical
Animals

Seed dispersal quiz


Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture

water
mechanical
wind
animal
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Seed dispersal quiz


Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture

mechanical
animal
water
wind
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Seed dispersal quiz


Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture

water
wind
animal
mechanical
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Seed dispersal quiz


Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture

animal
mechanical
water
wind
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Germination

Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

The seed contains the embryo plant and


cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa

Water enters the seed


through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.

Plumule
(embryo shoot)

The water also softens


the testa to allow it to
split.
Radicle
(embryo root)

Cotyledon

Micropyle
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Enzymes are used in seed germination


Plumule

starch
amylase
secreted

embryo plant

ab
so
rb

ed

The enzymes break


starch down into
maltose and then
glucose. The glucose
is used in respiration
to provide energy for
growth

maltose

Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in


the cotyledon to provide energy for growth
light

The seedling can now


photosynthesise and
make its own food

germination
Plant growth and development

soil
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:


Seed loses weight as it uses
up starch stores in the
cotyledons as the seedling
cannot photosynthesise yet

Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
plant grows

Dry mass is the


mass of solid
matter with all
water removed

Days
Flower Structure

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

Conditions required for germination


Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)

Oxygen
present

Oxygen
present

No light

Oxygen
present

Oxygen
present

No
oxygen

moist
4oC
A
Flower Structure

dry

moist

moist

moist

Warm
B

Warm
C

Warm
D

Warm
E

Pollination

Fruit Development

Seed Dispersal

Germination

Test

END
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