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Outline
Introduction to Fiber Optics
Passive Optical Network (PON) point-topoint fiber networks, typically to a home
or small business
SONET/SDH
DWDM (Long Haul)
Optical Transmission
electrical
signal
Optical
Fibre
Transmission
System
optical
signal
Optical
Fibre
Transmission
System
electrical
signal
Optical Networks
Passive Optical Network (PON)
Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)
Fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC)
Fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP)
Optical Network
Architecture
DWDM
SONET
Long Haul
Network
Metro
Network
transport network
Metro
Network
PON
Access
Network
Access
Network
Access
Network
Access
Network
All-Optical Networks
Most optical networks today are EOE
(electrical/optical/electrical)
All optical means no electrical component
To transport and switch packets photonically.
Optical 101
Wavelength (): length of a wave and is
measured in nanometers, 10-9m (nm)
400nm (violet) to 700nm (red) is visible light
Fiber optics primarily use 850, 1310, & 1550nm
Optical Spectrum
IR
UV
125 GHz/nm
Visible
850 nm
1550 nm
1310 nm
Light
Bandwidth
Ultraviolet (UV)
Visible
Infrared (IR)
Communication
wavelengths
1550nm
193,548.4GHz
1551nm
193,424.6GHz
1nm
125 GHz
Optical Fiber
An optical fiber is made of
three sections:
The core carries the
light signals
The cladding keeps the light
in the core
The coating protects the glass
Core
Cladding
Coating
Multimode fiber
Many pulses of
light generated
by LED travel at
different angles
10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
Fiber Installation
Support cable every 3 feet for indoor cable (5 feet for
outdoor)
Dont squeeze support straps too tight.
Pull cables by hand, no jerking, even hand pressure.
Avoid splices.
Make sure the fiber is dark when working with it.
Broken pieces of fiber VERY DANGEROUS!! Do not
ingest!
7.17
18
19
Transmission Degradation
Ingress Signal
Egress Signal
Loss of Energy
Optical Amplifier
Shape Distortion
Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU)
Phase Variation
20
21
Splitter
(1:32)
22
23
xPON Comparison
BPON
EPON
GPON
Standard
ITU-T G.983
IEEE 803.2ah
ITU-T G.984
Bandwidth
Down: 622M
Up: 155M
Symmetric:
1.25G
Down: 2.5G
Up: 2.5G
Downstream
1490 &1550
1550
Upstream
1310
1310
1310
Transmission
ATM
Ethernet
ATM, TDM,
Ethernet
24
Packet Core
(IPoATM)
T1/E1
802.3
CES
RFC2684
AAL1
AAL5
SAR/CS
ATM
TDM Core
(PSTN)
PON (G.983)
25
GPON
26
EPON Evolution
27
28
29
30
EPON Downstream
31
EPON Upstream
32
Core Router
ADM
ADM
Voice Switch
ADM
ADM
Access Ring
Access Ring
T1
ADM
Access Ring
ADM
T1
PBX
33
IP Over SONET
SONET is designed for TDM traffic, and todays need is packet (IP)
traffic. Is there a better way to carry packet traffic over SONET?
T1
DS3
OC-3
IP
IP
????
SONET
SONET
802.3
RFC2684
IP
IP
AAL5
PPP
802.3
ATM
RFC1619
GFP
SONET
SONET
SONET
TDM Traffic
RFC 2684: Encapsulate IP packet over ATM
RFC 1619: Encapsulate PPP over SONET
34
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 2
Cell 3
OH
9 rows
STS-3c Envelope
35
PPP Frame 1b
PPP Frame 2b
POH
PPP Frame 2c
2d
Path overhead
9 rows
PPP Frame 3
STS-3c Envelope
37
38
More Fibers
W
D
M
Faster Electronics
(TDM)
Channel 1
Channel n
Single
Fiber (One
Wavelength)
l1
l2
Single Fiber
(Multiple
Wavelengths)
ln
40
SONET
ADM
Fiber
WDM
Take multiple optical
OC-12c
signals and multiplex themOC-48c
OC-192c
onto a single fiber
No signal format
conversion
DWDM
OADM
Fiber
41
spacing
Spectrum B
42
DWDM Economy
Conventional TDM Transmission10 Gbps
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
120 km
120 km
OA
4 Fiber Pairs
32 Regenerators
OA
120 km
OA
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
1 Fiber Pair
4 Optical Amplifiers
43
Wavelength (nm)
1360
1460
1530
1565
1625
1460
1530
1565
1625
1675
44
DWDM
TDM
TDM
45
DWDM Network
MUX
DEMUX
46
DWDM Network
Components
1
15xx
1...n
2
3
Transponder
Optical => DWDM
Usually do O-E-O
Optical Multiplexer
1
2
1...n
ADM
Optical De-multiplexer
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
(OADM)
47
gain
Pout
48
DWDM Network
(point-to-point)
51
DWDM Network
Add-and-Drop
Note: this is a linear topology, and not a ring topology.
Chicago
1: to Pittsburg
2: to New York
Pittsburg
1: drop
2: pass
New York
52
ADM
ADM
DWDM
terminal
Long Hall
SONET
Chicago
SONET
SONET
DWDM
DWDM
ADM
SONET
New York
OC-3
ADM
OC-3
IP
IP
PPP
PPP
SONET
SONET
53
IP
IP
IP
DWDM
terminal
???
DWDM
terminal
DWDM
Note: There is no protocol called IP over DWDM or PPP
over DWDM. However, there are many publications on IP
over DWDM and they all require a layer-2 protocol which
provides the framing to encapsulate IP packets. (see the
previous slide)
54
Summary
Metro Network
SONET/SDH
55