AUTOMATIC DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg.

Presented by:

SUPERVISOR :
Dr. DEEPAK KUMAR

SUSHMITA KUJUR
BE/10768/2013
AMBER SAURAV KUNAL
BE/10166/13
NEHA RUNDA
BE/10746/2013

CONTENTS

Introduction.

Benefits of demand side management.

DSM Selection factors and strategy.

Methodology and the design.

Flowchart.

Simulation and results.

Voltage sensor.

Water level sensor.

Microcontroller as timer.

References.

INTRODUCTION
India is suffering from the problem of meeting the peak demand of about 12%.
India has become the worlds third largest power producer. We have an installed
capacity of 255 GW. But still Indian power sector is facing a shortage of 2% to
17.4% during peak hours.
Many of the power system failures occurs due to the lack of availability of power
or may be the lack of transmission capacity i.e. unavailability of transmission
corridors or its overloading.
28% of the peak demand is met by renewable energy resources.

Following challenges are associated due to the grid integration of renewable and
distributed generator.

i.

Large fluctuation in power injected.

ii.

Lower reliability and unpredictability.

iii. Difficulty in reactive power management.

iv.

Power quality issues.

The best and reliable solution is Demand side management.

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

Also known as load management.

Balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load
by adjusting or controlling the load rather than power station output.

Feasible and quick solution for peak management.

One of the popular technique for demand side management is load

shedding.

BENEFITS OF DEMAND SIDE

MANAGEMENT

Reductions in customer energy bills.

Reductions in the need for new power plant, transmission and distribution

networks.
Stimulation of economic development.
Reductions in peak power prices for electricity.
Improved reliability and network issues.
Load shifting.
Energy efficiency and conservation.

SM- SELECTION OF FACTORS

STRATEGY

The main concept for the DSM is the of peak shaving strategy, which involves preventing
of heavy, non-critical loads, from operating during the peak time.

Various approaches and facts that can be used to find out heavy demand in the grid are:
The dip in frequency can be measured to identify the time of high demand.
Real time demand on the grid can be also directly monitored to identify the peak time.
The voltage value can indicate the peak load in the system.
A timer, with its time settings matching with the grid timing can help us to
identify the peak time.

METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

Timer of controller act as 24 hour clock from which peak time is identified.
The controller takes input from timer and checks as per the setting. If off
peak time is observed grid voltage is sensed.

Grid voltage is stepped down, rectified and then compared with the set
reference.
Vref ( (Vnominal-Vdip) .Vs ) / Vnominal
Vref= Reference voltage
Vdip= Voltage dip normally observed during peak time.
Vs= Secondary voltage of voltage setting transformer.

The necessity of turning load is verified.

After verification relay coil is energized and the load is turned on.

FLOWCHART

Start and check whether switch is on or

off. If it is off move on to next step
otherwise check again.
Read time, grid voltage and frequency.
Check for peak time, low voltage or
frequency. If yes check again else
move on to next step.
Energize the relay and turn on the
device.
Check for peak time, low voltage or
frequency. If yes then energize the
relay else de-energize the relay and
stop the device.
Go to step 2.
Stop

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The load circuit is modeled

as an ac source in series
with two switches : one as
master switch operated by
the user and other is
controlled by the inputs
given to the block followed
by a load.

The load is operated if following conditions are specified.

Voltage is in between 190V to 240V.
Frequency is less than 48Hz.
Time is less than 18hrs or greater than 22hrs.
Master switch is on.
Load operation requirement signal is high.
The result of the simulation showed that the load operate only when the
conditions are satisfied i.e. when there is no peak time, sufficient
generation and voltage stability in the grid.
On giving the input which satisfies the conditions the value at the scope is
found to be high.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DETAILS

Set up Details

Block Diagram

VOLTAGE SENSOR
COMPONENTS USED
9V Batteries
LM324 IC
10K Potentiometer
100 ohm resistor
10k resistor
LED
Transformer 230/6 V
Bridge rectifier

VOLTAGE SENSING
CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE
SENSOR

R2=330ohm
R1=100 ohm

INPUT VOLTAGE SUPPLY CIRCUIT

WORKING OF VOLTAGE SENSOR

The input AC voltage is converted to DC using rectifier then fed to the

non-inverting terminal of the LM324.

The reference voltage is set using a battery and potentiometer.

If the Vin is greater than the Vref then the LED conducts i.e. at off peak
hours

If the Vin is less than the Vref then the LED does not conduct.

WATER LEVEL SENSOR

Components Required

Float switch
Arduino Uno

Float Switch
A Float Switch is a device which is typically used to measure the
depth/level of liquid in a container. As the water rises and reaches the level
of the float switch, it begins to float going from the vertical to the
horizontal. This closes an internal switch which can then be used to turn
on/off a pump, alarm, relay.
As the float switch gets on or off it gives high or low signals to the arduino
and therefore arduino senses it and through programming we can switch
on the water pump load if the tank is empty and switch it off if its full.

MICROCONTROLLER AS TIMER

Microcontroller is used as timer.

Peak time can be set based on the load curves that can be drawn from
monitoring the load demand from the nearest distribution substation.
Inputs are given to the microcontroller and the output of the microcontroller
is given to control the relay.
Device is turned on and the timer advances.
When the load is turned on it first checks time to be off peak. If peak time is
sensed, it waits till off peak time is reached irrespective of grid conditions.
If off peak time is sensed, it seeks the output of voltage sensor comparator to
be high.
If output of voltage sensor comparator is not high it waits till high state is
reached and then again checks for off peak time, if not it start monitoring the
water level. If it is low the relay is energized to pump the load.
When the load is on it continuously monitors time, voltage and level to be
proper and de-energizes the load if any of condition is violated.

REFERENCES

Peter Palensky, D.Dietrich, Demand Side Management: Demand Response,

Intelligent Energy Systems and Smart Loads, IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Informatics, vol 7, no. 3, 2011.
A.Mohsenian-Rad,
V.Wong.J.Jatskevich,
R.
Schober,
and
A.Leon
Gracia,Autonomous demand side management based on game theoritic energy
consumption scheduling for the future smart grid , IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1,
no. 3, pp. 320- 331, Dec. 2010.
Ganesh M, Polly Thomas, Athira M Thomas, Amrutha Maria Matthew, Darsana M
Nair and Sreekanth P K, A new approach, algorithm, simulation and
experimental verification for automatic demand side management., IEEE
International conference on power, instrumentation, control and computing,pp16,2015
Mario Sipos, Mario Primorac , Zvonimir Klaic, Demand Side Management inside
a Smart House, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Systems, vol.15 , , pp.27-45 ,2011
Supriya.P, Dr. T.N.P. Nambiar, Charu R, Akansha Tyagi, Nagadharni V, Deepika M,
A Laboratory Prototype of a Smart Grid Based Demand Side Management ,
IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies- India , 2011.