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Kuswanto 2013
Ukuran keragaman
Dari tiga ukuran pemusatan, belum dapat memberikan
deskripsi yang lengkap bagi suatu data.
Perlu juga diketahui seberapa jauh pengamatanpengamatan tersebut menyebar dari rata-ratanya.
Ada kemungkinan diperoleh rata-rata dan median yang
sama, namun berbeda keragamannya.
Beberapa ukuran keragaman yang sering kita temui
adalah range (rentang=kisaran=wilayah), simpangan
(deviasi), varian (ragam), simpangan baku (standar
deviasi) dan koefisien keragaman.
2
2
3
4
5
= X1
= X2
= X3
= X4
= X5
Range = 5 - 2
=3
Problem - no information
about how clustered the
data is
2. SIMPANGAN (deviation)
You could express dispersion in terms of
deviation from the mean, however, a sum of
deviations from the mean will always = 0.
i.e. (Xi - X) = 0
So, take an absolute value to avoid this
Problem the more numbers in the data set, the
higher the SS
Contoh
Nilai
observasi
Simpangan
(x - x)
3
5
7
7
8
Jumlah
3-6 = -3
5-6 = -1
7-6 = 1
7-6 = 1
8-6 = 2
0
Simpangan kuadrat
(x - x)2
9
1
1
1
4
16
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Nilai observasi
3
5
7
7
8
Jumlah
Simpangan
(x - x)
3-6 = -3
5-6 = -1
7-6 = 1
7-6 = 1
8-6 = 2
0
Simpangan rerata
(x - x)/n
(3-6)/5 = -3/5
(5-6)/5 = -1/5
(7-6)/5 = 1/5
(7-6)/5 = 1/5
(8-6)/5 = 2/5
0
4. Sum of square
Another way to get around the problem of zero sums is to
square the deviations. Known as sum of squares or SS
Sample SS =
2
2
Xi
(Xi)
/n
(Xi - X) =
Example
2
2
3
4
5
= X1
= X2
= X3
= X4
= X5
5. VARIAN (RAGAM)
Dalam
This is just SS
N
Xi2 - (Xi)2/n
n-1
Problem - units end up squared
6. Standar Deviasi
= 2
= (Xi - )2
N
For a sample:
s = s2
s = (Xi - X )2
n-1
Contoh
2
2
3
4
5
= X1
= X2
= X3
= X4
= X5
X = 3.2
s = (Xi - X )2
n-1
s=
(2 - 3.2)2 + (2 - 3.2)2 +
(3 - 3.2)2 + (4 - 3.2)2 + (5 -3.2)2
5-1
= 1.304
Varian adalah kuadrat dari standar deviasi. Berapa
nilainya??
X 100%
Sometimes expressed as a %
Example:
s (X 100%)
X
1.304 g
CV =
3.2 g
CV =
2
2
3
4
5
= X1
= X2
= X3
= X4
= X5
X = 3.2 g
CV = 0.4075
or
CV = 40.75%
s = 1.304 g
Attention there is not any UNIT, or %
95.44%
99.73%
=1
=2
=0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
If you get difficulties to keep this
term, read statistics books
=1
= 1.5
=2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Symmetry
Symmetry
mode
median
mean
2.
3. The data below were obtained from the detailed record of purchases
over several month. The usage vegetables (in weeks) for a
household taken from consumer panel were (gram) :
84 58 62 65 75 76 56
86 80 81 78 74 87
87 68 77 87 55 65 66 76 78 74 81 83 78 75 74 60 50
.. Terima kasih..