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Digestion of Nutrients
Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals, &
water
- do not need digestion
Mouth
Mouth
mechanical digestion
teeth
breaking up food
chemical digestion
By Saliva it contains:
amylase
enzyme digests starch
mucin
slippery protein (mucus)
protects soft lining of digestive system
lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers
neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals
kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
Teeth- to breakdown
food into small size
Salivary glandssecrete enzyme and
mucin
Tongue to mix saliva
and food and for
swallowing
Salivary Glands
Groups of
specialized
secretory
cells.
Found in the
lining of the
alimentary
canal or
accessory
organs.
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage
closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
food travels down esophagus
Peristalsis -involuntary muscle contractions to
move food along the esophagus . Tweo muscles
involved- longitudinal and circular.
Pharynx
The back of
the throat.
Larynxpassage for
air, closes
when we
swallow.
Is
approximately
15cm long.
Oesophagus
The pipe that
connects mouth to
stomach.
No digestion occurs
here.
The sphincters
prevents
regurgitation of food
.
Peristalsis
series of involuntary
wave-like muscle
contractions which
move food along the
digestive tract
Brought about by
alternate contraction
and relaxation of the
antagonistic longitudinal
and circular muscles
Stomach
Food is
temporarily
stored here.
Gastric juices
are secreted.
Has layers of
muscle that line
the inside.
Mechanically
and chemically
Stomach
Functions
food storage
can stretch to fit ~2L food
disinfect food
HCl = pH 2
kills bacteria
chemical digestion
pepsin
enzyme breaks down
proteins
But the stomach is made out of protein!
What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects
stomach lining
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food
sphincter
sphincter
Gastric Juices
Secreted by the
stomach.
Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5)
(HCl).
Pepsin- an enzyme
that breaks down
large proteins into
amino acids.
Food is further
broken down into a
thin liquid called
Accessory Organs
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Spleen
Pancreas
An organ which secretes both
digestive enzymes (exocrine) and
hormones (endocrine)
Pancreatic juice digests all major
nutrient types.
Nearly all digestion occurs in the
small intestine & all digestion is
completed in the SI.
Digestive enzymes
digest proteins using
enzymes trypsin,
chymotrypsin
digest starch : using enzyme
amylase
- - digest fats using enzymes
lipase.
Gall bladder
Pouch structure located near
the liver which concentrates
and stores bile
Bile duct a long tube that
carries BILE. The top half of
the common bile duct is
associated with the liver,
while the bottom half of the
common bile duct is
associated with the pancreas,
through which it passes on its
way to the intestine.
Function:
To store bile received from
the liver until it is required for
digestion of fats in the
duodenum.
Liver
glossy in appearance
dark red in color from the
rich supply of blood flowing
through it. Approximately
25% of the cardiac output
flows to the liver.
Emulsification of fats
Liver secretes a juice called bile.
Bile is a bitter, greenish-yellow
alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder
between meals and upon eating is
discharged into the duodenum .
Breaks down fat molecules into tiny
droplets to increase surface area for
the action of lipase.
Functions of Liver
produces bile ;
bile stored in gallbladder until needed
Bile emulsifies fats ( not digests) into tiny
droplets to increase surface area for
enzymatic action of lipase.
Contains the breakdown pigments of
haemoglobin)
Converts excess glucose to glycogen for
storage
Synthesises the required proteins from amino
acids
Deaminates excess amino acids ( removes
ammonia) and forms urea ; tne remainig part
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats
pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch
stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food
Small Intestine
Most chemical
digestion takes
place here.
Simple sugars and
amino acides
are absorbed into
capillaries by
diffusion or active
transport.
Fatty acids and
glycerol are
absorbed into
lymphatic system.
Lined with villi, which
Small intestine
Function
chemical digestion
major organ of digestion & absorption
Structure
3 sections
duodenum = most digestion
jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water
ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
Duodenum
1st section of small intestines
Receives acid food from stomach
mixes with digestive juices from:
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch
stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food
Summary of digestive
enzymes
7. Human Nutrition
- 7.5 Absorption
Absorption in the SI
Absorption by Small
Intestines
Absorption through villi & microvilli
finger-like projections
increase surface area for absorption
Absorption by Small
Glucose and amino Intestines
acids are
absorbed into the blood capillaries
initially by diffusion and then by
active transport.
Large intestines
(colon)
Function
re-absorb water
use ~9 liters of water
every
day in digestive juices
> 90% of water
reabsorbed
not enough water
absorbed
diarrhea
too much water absorbed
constipation
Large Intestine
Solid materials pass
through the large
intestine.
These are
undigestible solids
(fibers).
Water is absorbed.
Vitamins K and B
are reabsorbed with
the water.
Rectum- solid wastes
(faeces) stored here
generate gases
by-product of bacterial metabolism
methane, hydrogen sulfide
Appendix
Vestigial organ
Rectum
Last section of colon
(large intestines)
eliminate feces
undigested
materials
extracellular waste
mainly cellulose
from plants
roughage or
fiber
masses of bacteria
http://kitses.com/animation/digestion.html
Plenary
http://bio-animations.blogspot.in/2008/04/human-biolog
y-digestive-system.html
NARY
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scienc
e/add_aqa/tissues_organs/organs_in_animalsrev3.s
html
Good quiz
http://www.neok12.com/quiz/DIGSYS01
http://www.neok12.com/quiz/DIGSYS01