MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF HOT CONDITIONS

Concrete production and delivery : Concrete plant and delivery

units should be inspected and in good operating condition. Intermittent
stoppage of deliveries due to equipment breakdown can be much serious
under hot conditions due to which evaporation may occur resulting in slump
loss.

Use of Cool Aggregate:

Since aggregate forms the greatest portion of

concrete, reduction of aggregate temperature brings about the greatest reduction
in concrete temperature. Aggregate can be cooled by following methods:
Shading of aggregate stock pile.
Sprinkling water on the aggregate or keeping it moist.
Refrigerated air forced through aggregate silos

MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF HOT CONDITIONS

Mixing drum color : should be white from interior and exterior
sides because white color reflects sunlight from exterior and remain
cool from inside.

Delivery: When concrete is in the mixer cement hydration,

temperature rise, evaporation ,and slump loss occurs with the passage
of time hence the period between start of mixing and placement of
concrete must be reduced and set retarding admixtures and cooled
aggregates must be used when placement is slow.

Slump adjustment:

Fresh concrete is subject to slump loss with the

passage of time in hot as well as in moderate conditions . If on the arrival at
the job site, slump is less than specified maximum , additional water can be
added if the maximum allowable water is not exceeded.

MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF HOT CONDITIONS

Retempering:

Strength reduction is proportional to the amount of retempering water added. Re-tempering water should not be allowed other
than specified.

Placing and curing:

Concrete should

be handled and transported with minimum of segregation

and slump loss.

Concrete should be placed where it is to remain.
Concrete should be placed in layers shallow enough to ensure proper
vibration into layers below.
Construction joints should be made on sound ,clean concrete.

MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF HOT CONDITIONS

Placing equipment:

Equipment for placing the concrete should be of

suitable design and have ample capacity to perform efficiently. Breakdown
or delays that slow or stop the placement can affect the quality and
appearance of work.

Consolidation equipment :

there should be ample vibration

equipment and labour to consolidate the concrete immediately as it is

received in the form.

MINIMIZING EFFECTS OF HOT CONDITIONS

Placement and finishing:

Expeditious placement and finishing

reduces hot water difficulties .Delays increase slump loss and invite the
addition of water offsets to offset those losses.

Curing and protection:

After the completion of finishing operations

concrete should be protected from low humidity , drying winds, and extreme
temperature differential.

METHODS FOR COOLING FRESH CONCRETE

Cooling with chilled mixing water:

Concrete can be cooled

by using chilled mixing water, the maximum reduction in temperature
that can be achieved is 6 C.

Liquid nitrogen cooling of mixing water:

The mixing water

may be turned into ice slush by liquid nitrogen injection into mixing water ice
stream as it is discharged into mixer and reduces the temperature to 11 C.

Cooling mixed concrete with liquid nitrogen:

Injecting
liquid nitrogen into freshly mixed concrete is an another method for
reduction of concrete temperature reducing the remperature to 10 C.

METHODS FOR COOLING FRESH CONCRETE

Cooling of coarse aggregates :
temperature as discribed above in slide.

also reduces the concrete