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Visual inspection
Longitudinal crack on the surface
Fracture surface fatigue
Fracture surface initiation at the crack inside the
material (at the tip of the longitudinal crack), stress
concentration!
Spring 1
Spring 1
Spring 1
Spring 2
From a drill working in a mine very dirty
cleaning of fracture surfaces
Visual inspection
Fracture surface fatigue
Initiation site on the surface
A large amount of cracks at the region of contact
Conclusion: the spring has been too loose
Corrosion on the surface, but it was not the principal
reason of the failure
Spring 2
SEM
Fracture surface fatigue
Cracks on the surface
Spring 2
Material 50CrV4
Composition was wrong (Cr and V low)
Spring 2
Spring 2
Spring 2
Spring 2
Spring 2
Chain Loop
Used in paper mill, transportation of wood
stocks from outside to defreezer unit
Exposes to rain, temperature changes
from -30 C to +60 C, humidity, organinic
compounds (e.g. acids) secreted from
wood and mechanical loads
Manufactured by welding, case hardened
Chain Loop
Visual inspection
Quite hard wear
Abrasive
Tribochemical
Optical microscopy
Cracks propagating along grain boundaries
Cracks do not extend themselves deeper into the
material than the case hardened layer
Chain Loop
Chain Loop
Chain Loop
Conclusions
A corrosion-problem
Cadmium reacts strongly wit acetic acid
Solution
Use another type of plywood
Transfer Shaft
Solution
Chande material
Change (nitrogen) hardening method
Transfer Shaft
Fixation Bars
Old lot and new lot
Material AISI 316 (austenitic stainless steel)
New lot: problems in machining burr expensive to
remove
New lot, hardness is 10 % lower than the hardness of old
lot material behaves more plastically during machining
No difference in composition
Difference in microstructure
Recrystallization of some of the grains (substructure)
Too high annealing temperature after working of the new lot
Fixation Bars
Fixation Bars
Fixation Bars
Fixation bars
Arthroscopic Drill
arthroscope (':r,skp) n a tubular
instrument that is inserted into the capsule
of a joint to examine the joint, extract
tissue, etc (medical instrument)
Failed and broke during use
Only fracture surfaces were studied (SEM)
Fatigue, overloading regarding to fatigue
strength
Arthroscopic Drill
Arthroscopic Drill
Arthroscopic Drill
Wheel Rim
Broken suddenly
Visual inspection, stereomicroscope, SEM
Brittle fracture
Initiation site
Brittleness
Residual stresses
Welding has produced a weak point (initiation site)
Wheel Rim
Wheel Rim
Initiation site
Fracture surface
Wheel Rim
Wheel Rim
Wheel Rim
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
0
-0.5
-100
0.5
1
Strain (%)
1.5
2.5