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Lost Circulation
Stuck Pipe
Junk in Hole
Kicks and Blowouts
Crooked Hole
Indication:
Blowout
Causes:
Results:
Loss of Production
Fire
Preventive Measures:
Crew Education
Good Mud Program
Study Wells in Area
to be prepared
Remedial Measures:
Use Lost Circulation Material
as Mud Additive (fibrous or granular)
Drill Through Troublesome
Interval and Case Off
Decrease Mud Weight
Decrease Circulation Rate
Indication:
(Venezuela case)
Causes:
Cave - ins
Keyseat - Crooked Hole
Causes, contd:
Differential Pressure Sticking
Filter Cake
Deposited AFTER Circulation Stops
- While Still on Bottom
Results:
Fishing Operations
Back off, POH, RIG w/fishing string
Loss of Hole
or at least part of the hole
Preventive Measures:
Use Minimum Mud Weight Required
to Control Formation Pressures.
Use Special Drill Collars
(spiral)
Remedial Measures:
If Circulation Can Be Established:
Remedial Measures:
If Circulation Cannot Be
Established:
Cut Pipe or Unscrew Joint
- and Fish
KEY
SEAT
P1 >> P2
P1
P2
F = N
N = P A
Thin Filter Cake
F = P A
How is filter cake formed?
Erratic Torque
Cause:
Negligence of Crew
Result:
Fishing Operation
Preventive Measure:
Crew Education
Remedial Measures:
Run Junk Basket
Run Basket with Collapsible Teeth
(Poor Boy Basket)
Run Magnet
Lost Circulation . . .
Causes:
Loss of Hydrostatic Head
due to Lost Circulation
Poor drilling Fluid
Swabbing Effect while Pulling Drillpipe
Insufficient Mud Weight
Results:
Possible Loss of Life and Property
Legal and Financial Problems
Preventive Measures:
Crew Education
Be Alert
Remedial Action:
If on Bottom:
Use proper Mud Weight
Add Lost Circulation Materials
Casing Problems
Causes:
Too much Weight on Bit
Dipping Formation
Anisotropic Formation
Too Small Drill Collars
No Stabilizers
Results:
Uneven Spacing (on bottom)
Legal Problems
Production Problems
Cementing Problems
Preventive Action:
Avoid Buckling of Drill Pipe by
using sufficient number of
drill
collars
Use Oversize Drill Collars
Use Reamers and Stabilizers
Start the Hole Vertically
Remedial Action:
Use Whipstock
Before Water
After Water
Water - 20 bbls
400 ft
12,500 ft
16,000 ft
BHP = ?
Example - Solution
Determine: The effective hydrostatic
head
and mud weight in
lb/gal.
Solution:20 bbl
0.05 bbl / ft
400 ft of water
= 173 psi
= 13,790 psi
= 13,963 psi
13,963
Effective mud weight
16.78 lb/gal
(16,000)(0.052)
Example 3.1
Pressure imposed at the casing seat:
400 ft of water x 0.433 psi/ft =
173 psi
12,100 ft of mud x 0.884 psi/ft = 10,696
psi
10,869
Total
pressure
at
12,500
ft
Effective mud weight
16=
.72 lb/gal
(12,500)(0.052)
10,869 psi
After Water
Before Water
Water - 20 bbls
400 ft
10,869 psig
12,500 ft
EMW = 16.72 lb/gal
16,000 ft
EMW = 16.78 lb/gal
ANALISIS BIAYA
PEMBORAN
Contents
The AFE
Drilling Cost and Bit Change
Factors Affecting Drilling Rate
Bit Weight, Rotary Speed
Bottom-hole Cleaning
Mud Properties, Solids Content
Hydrostatics
DRY
COMPLETED
HOLE
INTANGIBLE COSTS
TANGIBLE COSTS
TOTAL COST
DRY HOLE
COMPLETED
(24.5 DAYS)
(32.5 DAYS)
INTANGIBLE COSTS
LOCATION PREPARATION
DRILLING RIG AND TOOLS
DRILLING FLUIDS
RENTAL EQUIPMENT
CEMENTING
SUPPORT SERVICES
TRANSPORTATION
SUPERVISION AND ADMIN.
SUB-TOTAL
30,000
298,185
113,543
77,896
49,535
152,285
70,200
23,282
814,928
65,000
366,613
116,976
133,785
54,369
275,648
83,400
30,791
1,126,581
TANGIBLE COSTS
TUBULAR EQUIPMENT
WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT
COMPLETION EQUIPMENT
SUB-TOTAL
406,101
16,864
0
422,965
846,529
156,201
15,717
1,018,447
1,237,893
1,423,577
2,145,028
2,466,782
SUB-TOTAL
+ CONTINGENCY (15% ??)
DEPTH
ft
TD
DAYS or DOLLARS
pump operation
bit selection
Cb Cr( tb tc tt )
Cf
D
Cf = drilling cost, $/ft
$
ft
D = footage drilled
Example 1.5
A recommended bit program is being
prepared for a new well using bit
performance records from nearby wells.
Drilling performance records for three bits
are shown for a thick limestone formation at
9,000 ft.
Determine which bit gives the lowest drilling
cost if the operating cost of the rig is
$400/hr, the trip time is 7 hours, and
connection time is 1 minute per connection.
800
4,900
4,500
Connection
Time
(hours)
14.8
0.1
57.7
0.4
95.8
0.5
Which bit would you select?
Mean
Rate
13.8
12.6
10.2
Solution:
The cost per foot drilled for each bit
type can be computed using Eq.
1.16. For Bit A, the cost per foot is
Cb Cr( tb tc tt )
Cf
D
$
ft
Solution:
Similarly, for Bit B,
Cb Cr( tb tc tt )
Cf
D
$
ft
Solution, contd
Finally, for Bit C,
Cb Cr( tb tc tt )
Cf
D
$
ft
Solution, contd
Bit A:
Bit B:
Bit C:
$46.81 /ft
$42.56 /ft
$46.89 /ft
Soal Latihan
Kedalaman sumur ketika bit digunakan
: 5000 ft
Harga Bit
: $ 1000
Sewa Rig
: $ 500/jam
Sewa Down Hole Motor
: $ 5000/hari
Watu Round Trip
: 1 jam/5000 ft
Laju penembusan fungsi waktu untu t > 0 : 15 ( t - 1 )
The End