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n
to
Patholog
y
Ma. Minda Luz M. Manuguid, M.D.
definition of Terms
• Pathology – pathos – suffering; disease
logos – study; knowledge
- branch of medicine concerned with determining the
nature & course of diseases by analyzing body
tissues & fluids
- study of diseases
• General vs. Systemic/Special:
General Pathology – disease mechanisms – may
be common to several diseases
Systemic/Special Pathology – genetic, cellular,
molecular manifestations of specific diseases
• Anatomic/Surgical vs. Clinical
Anatomic/Surgical Pathology – Autopsy;
Biopsy; Cytopathology
Clinical Pathology – Hematology & Blood
Banking; Clinical Chemistry; Clinical Microscopy;
Serology; Microbiology
Forensic Pathology – medicolegal
investigations
Cardiovascular Pathology
• Autopsy/Necropsy – medical examination of
a dead human body, to determine cause of death,
diagnosis, or disease progression
• Biopsy – bio - ‘life’ ; opsis - ‘a viewing’ – the
removal of a sample of tissue from a living person
for laboratory examination; primarily for the
detection of Cancer
Excision biopsy
Incision biopsy
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
Frozen section biopsy
• Exfoliative Cytopathology – microscopic
examination of cells in body tissues or body
fluids primarily to determine if they are
cancerous; uses the Papanicolaou method of
staining, hence the term ‘Pap’ smear
• Clinical Microscopy
• Hematology & Blood Banking
• Serology & Immunology
• Microbiology/Bacteriology
• Clinical Chemistry
Four Aspects of a Disease
Etiology – cause /causes of the disease
Pathogenesis – development of the disease;
chronologic progression of pathologic changes
Morphologic changes - “ signs ” – anatomic /
histologic changes; objective; can be seen or
measured
Functional derangements/Clinical significance -
“symptoms” – subjective; what a patient feels;
limitations on patients’ normal activities; prognosis
Cellular Pathology:
Cellular Adaptation
Cellular Injury & Cell
Death
Cellular--------------------Reversible---------------Cell Death
Adaptation Injury
atrophy
(squamous) metaplasia
hypertrophy
Cellular Injury:
General Considerations
The structural & biochemical elements of the cell are so
closely inter-related that whatever the precise point of initial
attack, injury at one locus leads to wide-ranging secondary
effects
Morphologic changes become apparent only when some
critical biochemical system has been deranged
Reactions of the cell to injurious stimuli depend on the
type, duration, & severity of injury, as well as on the type,
state, & adaptability of the cell
Causes of Cellular Injury
HYPOXIA
PHYSICAL AGENTS
CHEMICAL AGENTS/DRUGS
BIOLOGIC AGENTS
IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS
GENETIC DERANGEMENTS
NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES
Cellular Components/Processes
most vulnerable to
Injury
Cell membrane – Selective permeability
Mitochondria – Aerobic respiration /
Oxidative phosphorylation
Ribosomes / Rough Endoplasmic
reticulum – Protein synthesis
Nuclear chromatin – Genetic material /
DNA – control of cellular activities
Common Biochemical themes in
Cellular Injury
Good Day
!