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Derivatives and
Foreign
Currency:
Concepts and
Common
Transactions
4.
5.
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1: DERIVATIVES
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Derivative (definition)
The name given to a broad range of financial securities.
The derivative's value to the investor is directly related
to fluctuations in price, rate or some other variable that
underlies it.
A derivative can be used to offset (hedge) the
potential fluctuation in
Interest rates
Commodity prices
Foreign currency exchange rates
Stock prices
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2: TYPES OF DERIVATIVES
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Derivatives
The four basic types of derivatives are:
Forward Contracts
Futures Contracts
Options
Swaps
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Forward Contracts
Forward Contracts are
Negotiated contracts between two parties
For the delivery or purchase of
A commodity or
A foreign currency
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Futures Contracts
Futures contracts are a specific type of
forward contract
Characteristics are standardized
Characteristics are set by futures exchanges
(Rather than by the contracting parties) so
performance risk is eliminated
Exchange guarantees performance
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Options
Options are right (but not the obligation) to
either
Call (buy), or
Put (sell)
With options, only one party is obligated to
perform depending on the election of the
other party to exercise their option.
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Swaps
Swaps are contracts to exchange an ongoing
stream of cash flows, commonly swapping
interest rates.
Swap variable- for fixed-rate debt, or
Swap fixed- for variable-rate debt
Swaps are commonly negotiated on an
individual basis like forward contracts, but
may be standardized and exchange-traded
like futures.
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3: FOREIGN CURRENCY
EXCHANGE
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Measurement and
Denomination
Measured in a currency
Recorded in the financial records in that
currency
Denominated in a currency
Requires settlement (payment or
receipt) in that currency
For U.S. firms
U.S. dollar is the measurement currency
Payables and receivables may be
denominated in U.S. dollars or other
currencies
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Currency Denomination
A companys functional currency is the
currency in which they transact the majority
of their business.
A foreign currency transaction is any
transaction that is measured and settled
(denominated) in a currency other than the
companys functional currency.
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5: RECORDING FOREIGN
CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS
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Date
Spot rate
Acct Pay
11/1
$1.35
$675
12/31
$1.36
$680
$(5)
1/30
$1.38
$690
$(10)
Gain (Loss)
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Adjust
payable to
current
rate.
Convert
dollars to
euros so
proper funds
are available
for payment.
675
Account Payable(euros)
12/31 Exchange loss
675
5
Account Payable(euros)
1/30 Cash (euros)
5
690
Cash ($)
1/30
Cash in
(euros)
Make payment
euros,
recognizing
additional loss.
690
680
10
690
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Date
Spot rate
Acct Rec
11/1
$1.35
$675
12/31
$1.36
$680
$5
1/30
$1.38
$690
$10
Gain (Loss)
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Adjust
receivable
to current
rate.
Sales
12/31 Accounts receivable (euros)
675
5
Exchange gain
1/30 Cash (euros)
Collect
from
customer,
recognizing
additional
gain
675
5
690
680
Exchange gain
1/30 Cash ($)
Cash (euros)
10
690
690
Convert funds.
12-28