Project Title

AUTOMATIC RINGING BELL

Under the Guidance of

Submitted by

ABSTRACT
Automatic college bell system for indicating the completion of
period is a reliable circuit that takes over the manual task of switch
on/off the college bell with respect to time.
When this time equals to the programmed ON time, then the
corresponding Relay for the device is switched ON and then OFF
as per the OFF time that finally switches the load ON or OFF.
Multiple ON/OFF times entry is the biggest advantage with this
project.
Matrix keypad helps entering the time while relays used with relay
drivers for the loads.

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
POWER SUPPLY BLOCK
VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)
MATRIX KEYPAD
RELAY
LCD
BC547
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS

POWER SUPPLY
Bridge rectifier

230 V
AC
50
Hz

5v Regulator

5V
DC
12V step down
transformer

Filter(470f)

MICROCONTROLLER

It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU

I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip
Microcontroller

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLERAT89S52/51

External

interrupts
Int
err
upt
Con
trol
CP
U
OS

On-

chip
RO
M
for
prog
ram
code
Bus
Con
trol

Timer/Count

er

On

Tim

Co

chi
p
RA
M

1
er
Tim

unt
er
Inp
uts

4 I/O

Ports
P0 P1 P2

P3

Address

er 0

er
ia
l
TxD
P
RxD
or

Features of AT89S51/52
Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer

Pin Description

RELAY
IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH
USED TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES
COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

 The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and

NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of
the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is on

Keypad
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or

"pad" which usually bear digits, symbols and usually a

complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains
numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad.
In order to detect which key is pressed from the matrix,

the row lines are to be made low one by one and read
the columns. Assume that if Row1 is made low, then
read the columns.
If

any

of

the

key

in

row1

is

pressed

then

correspondingly the column 1will give low that is if

second key is pressed in Row1, then column2 will give low.

BC547 (NPN Transistor)

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial
Silicon Transistor.
It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100
mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of
the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, ().

The current gain from the emitter to the collector

terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (), and is a function of
the transistor itself

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are
16x2 and 20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20
characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to
the controller chip which receives data from an external
source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND

If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

Soft ware Requirements

Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-

time

kernels,

debuggers,

simulators,

integrated

environments,

evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,

XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to

object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the
underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the

code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86

(underlying microprocessor in the computer).

For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the

Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler then

compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

U
O
Y
K
TH A N