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METHODs
Road construction methods:Various method under this heading are: Earth road method.
Gravel road method.
Water Bound Macadam method.
Bituminous method.
Concrete Cement road method.
PAVEMENT TYPES
The selection of base course and the surface course
depends upon the following factors:
Type and intensity of traffic
Funds available
Sub grade soil and drainage conditions
Availability of construction materials at site
Climatic conditions
Plants and equipment available
Time available
Material Specifications
Base Course
Clay Content
<5%
Wearing
Course
10%18%
Silt Content
9%32%
5%15%
Sand Content
60%80%
65%80%
Liquid Limit
Plasticity Index
<35%
<35%
<6 %
4%10%
Construction Procedure
It consist of :Clearing of site .
Excavation and construction of fills to bring the road to a desired grade.
Shaping the sub grade.
Then the borrowed soil is dump on the sub grade and well compacted
,depth not exceed 10 cm .
Make the soil up to O.M.C level.
Pavement Constructionmixed soil is spread out in layer sand
compacted with compacted thickness not exceeding 10 cm.
Desirable to have at least 95% Dry Density
Steep camber1 in 20 to 1 in 33
After this it is allowed to dry for few days before opening to traffic.
Merits
It has following merits:It is cheap.
It has easy construction.
It can be build with less skill.
material.
It is superior to earth road .
It consist of two method:
B. Trench type:-
Demerits
Its demerits are: It does not provide comfortable ride.
It become detereoted very soon.
It can not hold very heavy traffic.
It can not hold rain.
Merits
Its merits are: It is superior to earth road.
It does not become slippery when wet.
It maintenance coat is low.
It can hold medium traffic.
It is easily constructed.
It is cheap.
course
Thickness ranges from 10 to 7.5 cm depending on
SPECIFICATIONS
Type of Course aggregates
Generally consists of hard varieties of crushed
aggregates or broken stones
Sub-base Base
course
Surfacing
course
Losangeles abrasion 60
50
40
Impact value
50
40
30
Flakiness index
15
15
Size
range,mm
Sieve size
mm
90 to 45
125
90
63
45
22.4
100
95-100
25-60
0-15
0-5
63 to 45
90
63
53
45
22.4
100
90-100
25-75
0-15
0-5
50 to 22.4
63
53
45
22.4
11.20
100
95-100
65-90
0-10
0-5
SCREENINGS
Used to fill up the voids in the compacted
Grading
Size of
screening
Mm
Sieve
size mm
% passing
the sieve,
wt
13.2
13.2
11.20
5.60
180 micron
100
95-100
15-35
0-10
11.2
11.20
5.60
180 micron
100
90-100
15-35
Binding material
Fine grained material is used to prevent
Construction procedure
Preparation of foundation for receiving the WBM course
Maybe either sub grade or base or subbase course
screenings till coarse aggregates are well bonded and firmly set
Application of Binding Material
Surface is sprinkled with water and rolling is done
Setting and Drying
Merits
It has following merits:
It provide base coarse for top surface.
It can be used with little care.
It is a cheap method.
It introduce the concept of sub-base drainage.
Demerits
It has following demerits: It detereoted very easily.
It can not be used without surface
covering.
It aggregates get loose when water loose
from them.
Bituminous Pavements
It is the most common type of road construction.
It main purpose is to protect the sub-base coarse from
wearing and tearing and to provide a smooth riding
comfort.
Interface Treatment
Thin layer of bituminous binderto provide bond
between old and new layers
Prime Coat
First application of low viscosity liquid
bituminous material over an existing porous or
adsorbent pavement material like WBM base
course
Objective is to plug the capillary voids and bond
loose material using a binder of low viscosity
Allowed to cure for at least 24 hours
Tack Coat
Application of bituminous material over an
Seal Coat
bituminous pavements
Wearing course is provided over this layer
Penetration Macadam
Used as binder or base course
Coarse aggregates are spread and compacted
Premix methods
Aggregate sand binder are mixed before
Bituminous Macadam
Consist of one or more courses of compacted
aggregates premixed with binder, laid
immediately after mixing
Laid in compacted thicknesses of 75mm or
50mm
Essentially a base course or binder course and
should have surfacing
Superior to other base course materials w.r.t
load dispersion and durability
Bituminous Concrete
Dense graded premixed bituminous mix that
is well compacted to form a pavement surface
course
Mixture of coarse aggregates, filler and fine
aggregates
Thickness4075mm
IRCspecification40mm thick
AC surface course for highway pavements
Sheet Asphalt
Dense sand bitumen pre mix used as
Mastic Asphalt
Surface Dressing
Grouted or Penetration Macadam
Builtup Spray Grout
Bitumen bound Macadam
Bituminous Carpet
Bituminous Concrete
Construction Steps
Surface Preparation
Application of binder
Application of stone chippings
Rolling of first or final coat
Application of binder and stone chippings
for
second coat
Rolling of second coat
Finishing and opening to traffic after 24
hours
Construction Steps
Preparation of existing base course layer
Application of tack coat 6 7.5kg of
Methods of Construction
Alternate Bay Methodconstructing a bay or one slab in alternate succession leaving the next to
Material Specifications
Cement OPC or Rapid Hardening Cement
Aggregates
Max size not greater than one fourth slab thickness
Gradationofcoarseaggregate50 to4.75 mm or 40 to
4.75 mm in two size ranges, one below and the other above 20mm
Crushing value 30%max
Impact value30%max
Los Angeles Abrasion value35% max as per IRC Fine aggregate natural sand or crushed stone
Construction Steps
Preparation of Sub grade and Subbase
Uniformly compacted sub grade extending
30cmoneithersideofwidthtobeconcreted
Properly drained
Min k value of 5.54 kg/cm2
To be kept in moist condition
Water proof paper to be placed in case concrete is placed directly
over sub grade
Placing of Forms
Steel or wooden forms
Batching of material and Mixing
Transporting and Placing of concrete
Compaction and Finishing
Floating and Straight Edging
Belting, Brooming and Edging
Curing
construction.
It main purpose is to protect the sub-base
coarse from wearing and tearing and to
provide a smooth riding comfort.
It has no. of method. They are:1. Bituminous surface dressing:- It
is provided over an existing surface to
serve as thin wearing coat. It serve as
water proof pavement. Dust proof in wet
season and mud proof in wet season.
2.
5.
Construction Procedure
All method has nearly same construction
Merits
It has following merits: It is cheap.
It provide good riding comfort.
It hold the aggregates well.
It prevent the wearing of sub-base.
Demerits
It has following demerits: It get detereoted.
It design life in not long.
It require frequent maintenance for heavy
traffic.
construction.
It has nearly same concept of laying road slab as
in the building slab.
CC construction can be divided into :1. Construction of pavement slab:- In this we
are concern about the construction of the road
slab.
2. Construction of joints:- In this we are concern
about the construction of the joints between the
road the slab.
In
this we make alternate block of CC on the
both lane in the same time , leaving gaps
between them. It is usually not prefer
today's.
2.Continuous bay method :In this we make a lane upto certain length
and the next lane is completed afterward.
This is now days in practice.
Construction Procedure
It has the following steps: Preparation of subgrade & sub-base
. It
Merits
It give best riding comfort.
It is long design life.
Further all the characteristic of road can be
easily predicted.
It can bear any type of load.
It does not get easily detereoted.
It has sufficient friction both in wet and dry
condition.
Demerits
It
It
It
It
It
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