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Receivers
Features of receivers
Simplicity of operation
Good fidelity
Good selectivity
Average sensitivity
Pre
selector
IF Section
Mixer
RF
amplifier
Band pass
filter
IF
Amplifier
IF signal
RF signal
Local
Oscillator
Gang tuning
speaker
Audio amplifier
Section
Audio
Amplifier
Audio
Frequencies
Audio detector
Section
AM
Detector
Sections
Heterodyne receiver has five sections
RF section
Mixer/converter section
IF section
RF section
Preselector stage
Broad tuned band pass filter with adjustable frequency that is tuned
to
carrier frequency
Amplifier stage
It determines the sensitivity of the receiver.
Due to RF amplifier
Better selectivity.
Local oscillator
Mixer stage :
Heterodyning takes place in the mixer stage.
Frequency conversion
The difference between the RF and Local oscillator frequency is always
constant IF.
High side injection
Local oscillator
frequency is tuned
above RF
f
LO
= fRf + fIF
Local oscillator
frequency is tuned
below RF
f
LO
= fRf - fIF
RF-to-IF conversion
53
5
54
5
55
5
565 kHz
Mixer
Oscillator
44
0
45
0
46
0
470 kHz
flo f RF f IF
45
0
460 kHz
IF filter
450
460 kHz
IF Filter output
1005 kHz
high-side
injection
(fLO > fRF)
Gang tuning
TRACKING:
It is the ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate
either above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an
amount equal to the IF frequency through the entire radio
frequency band.
Tracking error
flo =fsi+fif
fsi=flo-fif when signal frequency is mixed with
oscillator frequency one of the by products is the difference
frequency which is passed to the amplifier in the IF stage.
The frequency fim= flo+fsi the image frequency
produce fsi when mixed with fo .
will also
2fif
fif
IF
RF
SF
fif
LO
IM
frequency
IFRR (1 Q 2 2
f im
f RF
f RF
f im
Choice of IF : Factors
If the IF is too high
Tracking Difficulties.
If the IF is too low
Detector section
Detector: Rectifies the modulated signal, then filters out the 455
KHz. Leaving only the audio frequency or intelligence of 50 Hz
20 KHz Which is sent to the AF amplifiers.
Amplifier section
The resultant audio signal is amplified in this section and fed into
the
output device(ex: loudspeaker)
In this section we have
Conclusion
After invention of superheterodyne,there
are
many inventions but it is the best
receiver..