BOILING ASSIGNMENT

BEng Mechanical Engineering (Minor: Energy

Systems)
Thermal Engineering II (MECH 3014Y )
Coordinator:- Mr. A. Khoodaruth
Presented by: BAPPOO Pallavibaye (1244443)
BEEGUN Darvesh (1414993)
FAUZEE Bibi Haseenah (1417026)
RAMBHUNJUN Roni Noorveer (1415480)
RUNGEN Ramalingum Brian (1411458)
Date: 21.10.16

1. What is the difference between

evaporation and boiling?
Evaporation occurs at
the liquidvapor interface
when the vapor pressure
is less than the saturation
pressure of
the liquid
at a given
temperature.

Boiling occurs at the

solidliquid interface
when a liquid is brought
into contact with a
surface maintained at a
temperature sufficiently
above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.
Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

The main differences of evaporation and

boiling are:

Evaporation takes place at all temperatures, while

boiling occurs at a particular temperature.

Evaporation takes place at the surface, whereas the

entire liquid boils.

Evaporation can occur using the internal energy of the

system, while boiling requires an external source of
heat.

Evaporation produces cooling but boiling does not.

Evaporation is a slow process while boiling is a rapid
process.

2. What is the difference between

pool boiling and flow boiling?
Flow Boiling

Pool Boiling
Boiling

is called pool boiling

in the absence of bulk fluid
flow.

Boiling

Any

In

motion of the fluid is due

to natural convection currents
and the motion
of the
bubbles
under the

is called flow boiling

in the presence of bulk fluid
flow.
flow boiling, the fluid is
forced to move in a heated
pipe or over
a
surface by
external

influence
of
buoyancy.

means such
as a pump.
Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

3. What is the difference between

subcooled and saturated boiling?

Subcooled
Boiling

Boiling

is sub-cooled if temperature of
main body of fluid is below the saturation
temp Tsat (i.e. bulk of liquid is sub-cooled).

It

occurs at early stages of boiling.

Bubbles

formation and disappearance near

hot surface.

Bubbles

disappear as they transfer heat to

surrounding sub-cooled liquid.

Boiling
Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

is confined to locality of hot

surface so also called local boiling.

Bubbles

serve as energy movers and

transfer heat to fluid by condensing.

3. What is the difference between

subcooled and saturated boiling?
Saturated Boiling
Boiling

Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

is saturated if
temperature of main body of
fluid is equal to the saturation
temperature Tsat (i.e. bulk of
liquid is saturated).
It occurs when entire liquid
body reaches saturation
temperature .
Bubbles rise to the top.

4. Draw the boiling curve and identify the different boiling

regimes. Also explain the characteristics of each regime.

Cengel & Ghajar, 2015

Natural

boiling regime: the fluid motion is

governed by natural convection and heat
transfer from heating surface to fluid is by
natural convection.
Nucleate boiling regime: bubbles form at
various preferential sites on the heating
surface and rise to the top.
Transition boiling regime: part of the surface
is covered by a vapor film.
Film boiling regime: the heater surface is
completely covered by a continuous stable
vapour film, and heat transfer is by combined
convection and radiation.

5. How does film boiling differ from

nucleate boiling?
In

film boiling regime, the heater surface is completely

covered by a continuous stable vapour film and heat
transfer is by combined convection and radiation.

In

nucleate boiling regime, the heater surface is covered

by the liquid and heat transfer is through direct transfer
from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface.

The

boiling heat flux in the stable film boiling regime

can be higher or lower than that in nucleate boiling
regime as can be seen in the boiling curve.

6. Draw the boiling curve and identify the burnout point on the curve. Explain
how burnout is caused. Why is the burnout avoided in the design of boilers?

(Incropera and DeWitt, 1981)

The

burnout point is the point C.

Burnout is caused by:
1. The heater surface being blanketed by a
continuous layer of vapour film at
increased heat fluxes.
2. Rise in temperature in heater surface
temperature in order to maintain the same
heat transfer rate across a low-conducting
vapour film.

Any

attempt to increase the heat flux beyond the

maximum heat flux will cause the operation point
on the boiling curve to suddenly jump from point
C to point E.

In

most cases, the surface temperature that

corresponds to point E is beyond the melting point
of heater materials.

This
This

causes burnout to occur.

should be avoided in the design of boilers to

prevent disastrous explosions from happening.

7. Discuss some methods of enhancing pool boiling heat transfer permanently.

Pool boiling can be enhanced permanently by:

Increasing the number of nucleation sites on the

heater surface. This can be achieved by coating
the surface with a very thin layer of a very porous
material or by mechanically machining cavities on
the surface. This will help in the continuous
formation of vapour.

Introducing microchannels at the bottom of

surface to increase capillary flow. Thus increasing

 Introducing microchannels at the bottom

of surface to increase capillary flow. Thus
increasing the heat transfer and critical
heat flux.
Using finned surfaces. This will cause
more vapour to be trapped and thus
increasing the heat transfer.
Treating the heater surface by etching.

8. Name the different boiling regimes in the order they occur in a vertical tube during flow
boiling.

forced

convection of liquid
bubbly flow
slug flow,
annular flow
transition flow
mist flow
forced convection of vapour.

9. Water is to be boiled atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished steel pan placed on top of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is maintained at 110C. if the diameter of the bottom of the pan is 25 cm, determine
a. the rate of heat transfer to the water

Schematic:

Assumptions made:
System

operates at steady state

conditions.
Water is exposed to atmospheric
pressure.
Negligible losses from heater to
surroundings.
The saturation temperature of
water boiling at 1 atm is 100C.
The boiling regime is nucleate
boiling.

From Table A-6 [Incropera],

Analysis:

According to the boiling curve (figure10.4,

Incropera), nucleate boiling occurs.
From Table 10.1[Incropera],
For a mechanically polished steel pan, the
value of is 0.0132 and corresponding value
of n is 1.0

The Rohsenow relation which gives nucleate boiling

heat flux per unit area is given by:
[
Knowing that,

[X
Therefore

b. The rate of evaporation

where, is the rate of evaporation

kg/s

10. Water is boiled at sea level in a coffee maker

equipped with a 20-cm long 0.4 cm
diameter immersion-type electric heating
element made of mechanically polished stainless
steel. The coffee maker initially contains 1L of
water at 18oC. Once boiling starts, it is observed
that half of the water in the coffee maker
evaporates in 25 min. Determine:
i) power rating of electric heating element,
ii)surface temperature of heating element,
iii)how long it will take to raise the temperature of
1L of cold water from 18oC to the boiling
temperature.

10.

Schematic diagram

Assumptions made:
Steady

state operating conditions exist.

At

sea level, pressure= 1 atm

saturation temperature of boiling water,
Tsat= 100oC.

Negligible

heat losses from coffee maker

to surroundings.

Boiling

regime is nucleate boiling.

Given information
D=

diameter of heating element = 0.4cm

L=length

of heating element =20cm

Properties of water
From Table A6 (Incropera and Dewitt),
When Tsat= 100oC,
l =
hfg

f = 279 x 10-6 Ns/m2

= 2257 kJ/kg

Cp,l =
Prl

Cp,f = 4.217 kJ/kgK

= Prf = 1.76

= 58.9 x 10-3 N/m

vf

= 1.044x10-3 m3/kg

l =
vg

1/vf = 957.85 kg/m3

= 1.679 m3/kg

v=1/vg

= 0.5956 kg/m3

From Table 10.1 ( Incropera and Dewitt),

For mechanically polished stainless steel surface-water

combination:
Cs,f = 0.0132
n = 1.0

Analysis:
i) l = 957.85 kg/m3 which is equivalent to 0.95785 kg/L.
Therefore,
0.5 L corresponds to a mass of 0.47893 kg
Heat required (Q) to evaporate half of the water in 25 min is:
Q= q t = m Cp T = m hfg
t= time taken to evaporate the water in seconds
m= mass of water evaporated
Cp = specific heat capacity at average temperature
T = temperature change of water

ii) Surface area of heating element, As

=DL
= 0.0008 m2
Heat flux, q = q / As = 286 729.6 W/m2

To determine the surface temperature, Ts,

Rohsenows equation for heat flux due to
nucleate boiling is used.

Therefore,
Ts = 113.6 o C
iii) Average temperature of water
= (100+18)/2 =59 oC
Interpolating from Table A6 to find Cp at 59 oC, we get
Cp =4.1849 kJ/kgK .
Since Q = q t = m Cp T
t = (m Cp T) /q
= 456.13 s
= 7.6 min

11. A 65-cm long, 2-cm diameter brass heating

element is to be used to boil water at 120oC. If
the surface temperature of the heating element
is not to exceed 125oC, determine the highest
rate of steam production in kg/h.
Schematic diagram

Assumptions made:
Steady

state operating conditions exist.

Negligible

heat losses from boiler to surroundings.

Given information
D=

diameter of heating element = 2 cm

L=length
Ts

= surface temperature = 125oC

Tsat

of heating element =65 cm

= saturation temperature = 120oC = 393.15 K

Properties of water
Interpolating from Table A6 (Incropera and Dewitt),
When Tsat= 393.15K,
l =
hfg

f = 230.7 x 10-6 Ns/m2

= 2202.87 kJ/kg

Cp,l =
Prl

Cp,f = 4.244 kJ/kgK

= Prf = 1.429

= 54.97x 10-3 N/m

vf

= 1.0608x10-3 m3/kg

l =

1/vf = 942.68 kg/m

vg

= 0.9016 m3/kg

v=1/vg

= 1.109 kg/m3

From Table 10.1 ( Incropera and Dewitt),

For brass surface-water combination:

Cs,f = 0.0060
n=1.0

Analysis:
Te = Ts Tsat
=125 -120
= 5 oC

Heat transfer rate,

q = q As
Under steady state conditions, all heat addition to boiler
will result in water evaporation.
Thus,
q= hfg
Where: = rate of steam production in kg/h
= (3600xq x As )/ hfg
= 19.7 kg/h

12. Water is boiled at 1 atm

pressure in a 20-cm-internal
diameter Teflon-pitted stainless
steel pan on an electric range. If it is
observed that the water level in the
pan drops by 10cm in 30min,
determine the inner surface
temperature of the pan.

12.
Schematic Diagram:

20 cm

Heatin
g
Eleme
nt

Assumptions
made:

Steady State conditions.

Negligible heat lost to surroundings.
Properties of water
Interpolating from Table A6 (Incropera and Dewitt), at Tsat = 1000C
P = 101.33 kPa
Vf = (1.044 x 10-3) m3/kg
Vg = 1.679 m3/kg
Cp,l =cp,f =4.217 kJ/kg-K
l = f = (279 x 10-6) N-s/m2
Prl = Prf = 1.76
= (58.9 x 10-3) N-m
hfg = 2257 kJ/kg
From Table 10.3 (Heat & Mass Transfer, Cengel):
For Teflon-pitted stainless steel:
Cs,f = 0.0058

 To find out which value of C to use, the surface has to be classified as large

or small and this is obtained by the calculation of the dimensionless

property below:

Since the value of the dimensional property was greater than 27, surface
could be classified as a large flat surface according to Heat & Mass Transfer,
Cengel. The corresponding value of C was 0.149.

The maximum heat flux can then be calculated from:

Using the value obtained for maximum heat flux and assuming nucleate
boiling regime, the inner surface temperature can be obtained from the
Rohsenow relation:

13. In a gas-fired boiler, water is boiled at

1500C by hot gases flowing through 50-mlong, 5-cm-outer diameter mechanically
polished stainless steel pipes submerged in
water. If the outer surface temperature of
the pipes is 1650C, determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer from the hot
gases to water,
(b) the rate of evaporation,
(c) the ratio of the critical heat flux to the
present heat flux, and
(d) the surface temperature of the pipe at
which critical heat flux occurs.

Assumptions
made:

Steady State conditions.

Negligible heat lost to surroundings.
Nucleate boiling regime since Texcess=150C
Properties of water:
Interpolating from Table A6 (Incropera and Dewitt), at Tsat = 1500C
Vf = (1.0917 x 10-3) m3/kg
Vg = 0.39365 m3/kg
Cp,l =cp,f =4.321 kJ/kg-K
l = f = (181 x 10-6) N-s/m2
Prl = Prf = 1.14
= (48.7 x 10-3) N-m
hfg = 2112 kJ/kg
From Table 10.1 (Incropera):
For mechanically polished stainless steel:
Cs,f = 0.0132
n = 1.0

a) The Rohsenow relation is used to obtain the maximum heat flux in

nucleate boiling:

b) The rate of evaporation is given by:

c) From Table 10.4 in Heat & Mass Transfer, Cengel, we can obtain the
coefficient C for a horizontal cylindrical heating element.
> 0.12

Using this value of C, the maximum heat flux can be obtained from:

The ratio of the critical heat flux to the present heat flux is given by,

d) Using the nucleate heat flux relation, the surface temperature of the pipe
at which critical heat flux occurs can be obtained:

References:
Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu.

(2016).Vapor Pressure.
[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html [Accessed 13 Oct.
2016].
Difference Between. (2009).Difference Between Evaporation
and Boiling. [online] Available at:
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/differencebetween-evaporation-and-boiling/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Different Boiling Regimes and boiling curve. (2016).
[Blog]Mechanical Engineering Design. Available at:
http://mechanicalinventions.blogspot.com/2012/12/differentboiling-regimes-and-boiling.html [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Thangavel, M. (2016).Heat and Mass Transfer Basics.
Wins.engr.wisc.edu. (2016).POOL BOILING. [online] Available
at: http://wins.engr.wisc.edu/teaching/mpfBook/node26.html
[Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].