Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Measurement
Introduction
Historical development of temperature scales
Types of measurement devices
Thermometers
Thermocouples
Thermowells
Pyrometers
History Continued
Boyle and Charles
developed a theoretical
instrument which led to the
theory of absolute zero
1848 - Kelvin created new
scale based on
thermodynamic Carnot
Cycle
1929 International
Temperature Scale (ITS-27)
was established.
Thermometers
What is it?
A device to measure
temperature by using
materials that change
in some way
Direct vs. Indirect
measurements
Background
First modern thermometer was
developed by Fahrenheit
Thermocouples
Background
Seebeck 1822 Current flow is proportional
to temperature difference
Peltier 1834 If battery inserted in the
circuit, flowing current will cause heat to be
absorbed & liberated
Thomson analyzed effect thermodynamically
Thermocouples
Two alloys joined at one
end and free at the other
At the open end, the emf
is a function of
temperature T1 at closed
end
As T rises, emf increases
T2 must be kept at a
standard temp (0C)
Thermocouples
Junction composition
does not affect
thermocouple action
T1 must be kept
constant throughout
the junction
Junction material must
be electrically
conductive
Thermocouples
Reading is not affected by
insertion of nonthermocouple alloys in
either lead
Temp at the ends of
inserted material must be
the same
Ability to work with
spurious materials allows
for use of specialized
devices, such as
thermocouple switches
Law of Successive
Thermocouples
First thermocouple has
T1 at hot end and T2
at open end
Second has hot end at
T2 and open end at T3
Emf between both,
V1+V2, equals V3
V3 same as if they
were combined
Thermowells
A tube closed at one end
Used to provide an
isolation between a
temp. sensor and the
environment
Allows temp. sensor to
be removed or replaced
without compromising
ambient region or the
process
Thermowell Problems
Temp. gradient in wall can cause a gradient
in the well
Can heat the base of the thermowell or
insert at a point where wall and fluid temps.
are similar
Temperature of any sensor will not change
instantaneously has a response time
Pyrometer
Outline
What is a pyrometer?
Types of pyrometers
Pyrometer Applications
What Is A Pyrometer?
Three definitions
Any instrument used for measuring high temperatures
by means of the radiation emitted by a hot object
A thermometer designed to measure high
temperatures
A device measuring the temperature of an object by
means of the quantity and character of the energy
which it radiates
Optical Pyrometer
1892 introduced by Lechatelier, which it measured
radiation from dull red to white hot
Used for measuring kiln and furnace temperature
Optical Pyrometer
Made from a small
magnifying optical device
Filters that reduce
wavelength to 0.65-0.66
Other filters reduce
intensity
These restrictions prevent
the device from measuring
object that are glowing
(700 C)
Radiation Pyrometer
Non-contact temperature
sensors measure
temperature from the
amount of thermal
electromagnetic radiation
received from a spot on
the object of measure
Measures the rate energy
emission per area unit
Applications
Moving Objects:
Rollers
Moving Machinery
Conveyer Belt
Rescues
Nursing Homes and Hospitals
Temperature Transmitters
Single Loop T controller
Datalogger
Final Control Devices
Datalogger
Records temperature
over history of run
A digital way of keep
track of the
temperature changes in
a process over time
Battery Powered
equipped with a
microprocessor or data
storage (data recorder)
Questions?
Sources:
http://www.wici.com/technical_info/articles/temp_prm/tmprmch1.htm
http://www.wici.com/technical_info/articles/temp_prm/temp_primer.htm