Kuliah Awal

Kimia Fisika
ENCH 600006 - Kimia Fisika
Rabu, Jam 13.00-15.30,

Ruang S.101

Pengampu:
Dr. Ir. Setiadi, M.Eng.

Program Studi Teknologi Bioproses

Teknik Kimia UI
1

Semester Ganjil

2015/2016

ENCH610006 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, 3 SKS

Learning Objectives:
Students are able to understand the basic concepts of physical chemistry including the
topics of thermodynamics, equilibrium reactions, and molecular spectroscopy, and
apply these concepts to solve simple problems of chemical physics
Syllabus:
PVT properties: gas properties: ideal gas laws, kinetic theory of gases, the viscosity of
gas; the properties of liquids and solutions: fluid viscosity, colligative properties of
solution, electrolyte solution, Arrhenius and Debye-huckel theory; chemical bond and
spectroscopy: atomic orbital, molecular orbital, hybrid orbital, visible light / infrared /
ultravioletspectroscopy; phase and chemical equilibrium: liquid-vapor phase
equilibrium and Raoults law, the application of Le Chateliers principle to equilibrium
reactions.

Prerequisites: Textbook:
1. Levine, IN, Physical Chemistry, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008.
2. Atkins & de Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 9th ed., Oxford
University Press, 2009
3.SK Dogra, S. Dogra, Kimia Fisik dan Soal-soal
4.Lain-lain sumber

Aturan/etik mengikuti kuliah :

Tidak diperkenankan gaduh/mengganggu baik dengan suara-suara selama

ngikuti kuliah
Kalau ada pertanyaan/permisi langsung diutarakan.
Rapih, sopan
Keterlambatan waktu diusahakan maksimal 15 menit. Bila 3x terlambat harus
memberikan alasan tertulis------- Untuk saling menjaga kedisiplinan.

Metode Proses Pembelajaran :

Kuliah biasa/tatap muka
Diskusi kelompok untuk kerjakan Tugas PR
Keaktifan (Quiz, bikin Resume, diskusi, dll) terencana usai kulia
Quiz disesuaikan dgn tugas/PR yang dikerjakan mahasiswa
Evaluasi proses belajar :
UTS (Ujian mandiri)
UAS (Ujian Mandiri)
Terjadwal/ada pemberitahuan
Keaktifan
PR/Tugas kelompok
4

Rabu

Materi

Kegiat
an

Introduction-

Lecture/T
atap
muka

02 Sept

Sifat-sifat/Perilaku GasBab I Atkin, Gas properties: PVT properties, ideal gas laws, Real
Gas.

09 Sept

Gas properties: PVT properties, ideal gas laws, Real Gas. Kinetic theory of gases---Bab V

16 Sept

Simple Mixtures

23 Sept

Liquid Mixtures.Real Solutions, Raoult's and Henry's laws. Activity coefficients. Mixing
thermodynamic Properties. Regular Solutions. Simple microscopic model for regular solutions. IdealDilute Solutions: Colligative properties. Departure from ideal solution behavior revisited. Activity
coefficients of the solute and the solvent.
Ideal-dilute solutions. Colligative properties: the elevation of the boiling point, the depression of the
freezing point, solubility, and osmosis

Atkins Kinetic theory of gases : T dan P gas thd Energi kinetik, Distribusi Maxwell-Bolzmann

General thermodynamic description of mixtures. Partial Molar Quantities (Partial Molar Volume,
Partial Molar Gibbs Energies, Significance of Chemical Potential, Gibbs-Duhem Equation)
Thermodynamics of mixing (Gibbs Energy of Mixing, Chemical Potential Liquids (Ideal Solutions and
Ideal Dilute Solutions, Raoult's and Henry's laws

30 Sept

Phase Transformations/ Phase Diagram

7 Okt

Physical Transformations of Pure Substances

5
14 Okt

Libur Nasional-----Sistem CampuranHeterogen : Dispersi partikel (1-100 nm) sistem Koloid dan

Phases, components and degrees of freedom. The phase rule. One and two-component systems. Liquidvapor equilibrium and distillation. Interpratation of Diagram,Temp-Composition Diagrams
Temperature-Composition Diagrams (Distilation of Mixtures, Azeotropes, Immiscible Liquids) Liquidliquid Phase Diagram (Phase Separtions, Critical Solution Temperatures) Liquid-solid phase diagrams
(Eutectics, Reacting Systems).
Phase diagrams. Phase stability and phase transitions, Phase Boundaries, Critical Points, Boiling Points,
Triple & Critical Point) Phase Stability And Phase Transition (The Thermodynamic criterion of
equilibrium,Temperature Dependence of phase Stability The Clapeyron and Clapeyron-Clausius
equations. Simple microscopic models for liquid-vapor equilibria and adsorption. Physical Liquid
Surface, Surface Tension, Curved Surface, Capillary Action
Emulsi, Surfactant, Micelle, CMC, Surfactan Cleaning, Koagulasi, adsorpsi, Potensial Zeta, Surface

Umpan
Balik

Lecture/T Tugas PR
atap
muka
Lecture/T
atap
Muka
Lecture/T Keaktifan
(Quiz, Resume
atap
materi, diskusi
muka
soal, dll...)

Keaktifan
(Quiz, Resume
materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

Keaktifan
(Quiz, Resume
materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

dibantu : Vina
Damayanti

Hari

Materi

Proses
Kegiatan

Umpan
Balik Proses

28 Okt
2015

Introduction- Pasca UTSKesetimbangan Reaksi :Chemical Equilibrium.

Thermodynamic Affinity. Degree of reaction.Equilibrium constant and the Gibbs
free energy of reaction. Dependence of the equilibrium constant with temperature
and pressure. van't Hoff equation.

Lecture/Tatap
muka

Tanya Jawab langsung di

Kelas

4 Nop
2015

Chemical equilibrium in the gas phase. Statistical thermodynamics interpretation

of the equilibrium constant. The calculation of the equilibrium constant based on
molecular models. Le-Chatelier's principle.

Lecture/Tatap
muka

Keaktifan (Quiz,
Resume materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

11 Nop
2015

Spectroscopy : Interaksi Gelombang Elektomagnetik dengan Materi, atomic orbital,

molecular orbital, hybrid orbital, visible light /infrared / ultraviolet spectroscopy
Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions. Activity Coefficients. Microscopic
interpretation: The Debye-Huckel limiting law. Chemical equilibrium in solution.

Lecture/Tatap
Muka

Keaktifan (Quiz,
Resume materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

18 Nop
2015

Quantum Theory. Introduction and Principles. The Schrodinger equation.

Interpretation of the wavefunction. Observables and operators. Uncertainty
principle. Translational motion: the particle in a box.

Lecture/Tatap
muka

Keaktifan (Quiz,
Resume materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

25 Nop
2015

Energy levels and states. Degeneracy. Quantum Mechanics of Simple

Systems. Rotational motion: the rigid rotor. Vibrational motion: the
harmonic oscillator. Degrees of freedom.Quantum states for systems with
(approximately) independent degrees of freedom: translational-rotationalvibrational-electronic energies of molecules

Lecture/Tatap
muka

Keaktifan (Quiz,
Resume materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

2 Des
2015

Addional LectureKinetika Reaksi : Laju Reaksi, order reaksi, Energi

aktivasi, Arrhenius (variabel suhu), persamaan kinetika

Lecture/Tatap
muka

Keaktifan (Quiz,
Resume materi, diskusi
soal, dll...)

9-13Des
20156

UAS

Ujian Mandiri

Equations of State

Gases are the simplest state of matter

Completely fills any container it occupies
Pure gases (single component) or mixtures of components
Equation of state - equation that relates the variables defining its physical properties
Equation of state for gas: p = f (T,V,n)
Gases (pure) Properties - four, however, three specifies system

Pressure, p, force per unit area, N/m 2 = Pa (pascal)

Standard pressure = p = 105 Pa = 1bar
Measured by manometer (open or closed tube), p = pexternal + gh
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s-2
Mechanical equilibrium - pressure on either side of movable wall will equalize

Volume, V
Amount of substance (number of moles), n
Temperature, T, indicates direction of flow of energy (heat)
between two bodies; change results in change of physical
state of object

Boundaries between objects

Diathermic - heat flows between bodies. Change of state occurs when bodies of
different temp. brought into contact
Adiabatic - heat flows between bodies. No change of state occurs when bodies of
different temp brought into contact

Heat Flow and Thermal

Equilibrium
High
Temp.

Low
Temp.

Heat

B
NoHeat

DiathermicWall

TA=TB

DiathermicWall

B
NoHeat

AdiabaticWall

Thermal equilibrium - no change of state occurs when two objects are in

contact through a diathermic boundary
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - If A is in thermal equilibrium with B and
B is in thermal equilibrium with C then A is in thermal equilibrium with C
Justifies use of thermometer
Temperature scales:
Celsius scale, , (C) degree defined by ice point and B.P. of water
Absolute scale, thermodynamic scale , (K notK)
T (K) = + 273.15

Real Gases - General Observations

Deviations from ideal gas law are particularly important at high
pressures and low temperatures (rel. to condensation point of gas)
Real gases differ from ideal gases in that there can be interactions
between molecules in the gas state
Repulsive forces important only when molecules are nearly in
contact, i.e. very high pressures
Gases at high pressures (spn small), gases less compressible
Attractive forces operate at relatively long range (several
molecular diameters)
Gases at moderate pressures (spn few molecular dia.) are
more compressible since attractive forces dominate
At low pressures, neither repulsive or attractive forces dominate ideal behavior

10

Compression Factor, Z

Compression factor, Z, is ratio of the actual

molar volume of a gas to the molar volume
of an ideal gas at the same T & P
Z = Vm/ Vm, where Vm = V/n

Using ideal gas law, p Vm =

RTZ

The compression factor of a gas is a

measure of its deviation from ideality
Depends on pressure (influence of
repulsive or attractive forces)
z = 1, ideal behavior
z < 1 attractive forces dominate,
moderate pressures
z > 1 repulsive forces dominate, high
pressures

12

Real Gases - Other Equations of State

Virial Equation

Consider carbon dioxide

At high temperatures (>50C) and

high molar volumes (Vm > 0.3 L/mol),
isotherm looks close to ideal
Suggests that behavior of real gases
can be approximated using a power
series (virial) expansion in n/V (1/Vm)
{Kammerlingh-Onnes, 1911}

B C
pV RT 1

.......
V V

Virial expansions common in

physical chemistry

CO2

Virial Equation (continued)

Coefficients experimentally determined (see Atkins, Table 1.3)

3rd coefficient less impt than 2nd, etc.

B/Vm >> C/Vm2

2ndVirialCoefficients
EquimolarMixturesofCH4andCF4
K

For mixtures, coeff. depend on mole fractions

273.15
B = x12B11 + 2 x1x2B12 + x22B22
298.15
373.15
x1x2B12 represents interaction between gases
The compressibility factor, Z, is a function of p (see earlier figure) and T
For ideal gas dZ/dp (slope of graph) = 0

B1(CH4)
(cm3/mol)
53.35
42.82
21.00

B1(CH4)
(cm3/mol)
111.00
88.30
43.50

Why?
For real gas, dZ/dp can be determined using virial equation

Substitute for Vm (Vm = Z Vm); and Vm=RT/p

Slope = B + 2pC+ .
As p 0, dZ/dP B, not necessarily 0. Although eqn of
state approaches ideal behavior as p 0, not all
properties of gases do
Since Z is also function of T there is a temperature at which Z 1 with zero slope
- Boyle Temperature, TB

At TB , B 0 and, since remaining terms in virial eqn are

small, p Vm = RT for real gas

B12
(cm3/mol)
62.07
48.48
20.43

Critical Constants
CO2

Consider what happens when you compress a real

gas at constant T (move to left from point A)

Near A, P increases by Boyles Law

From B to C deviate from Boyles Law, but p still
increases
At C, pressure stops increasing

2phases

Liquid appears and two phases present (line CE)

Gas present at any point is the vapor pressure of the
liquid

At E all gas has condensed and now you have liquid

As you increase temperature for a real gas, the

region where condensation occurs gets smaller and
smaller
At some temperature, Tc, only one phase exists
across the entire range of compression

This point corresponds to a certain temperature, T c,

pressure, Pc , and molar volume, Vc , for the system
Tc, Pc , Vc are critical constants unique to gas

Above critical point one phase exists (super critical

fluid), much denser than typical gases

Real Gases - Other Equations

of State
Virial equation is phenomenolgical, i.e., constants depend
on the
particular gas and must be determined experimentally
Other equations of state based on models for real gases as well as
cumulative data on gases
Berthelot (1898)
Better than van der Waals at pressures not much above 1 atm

n a
p
(V nB) nRT

TV
2

a is a constant

van der Waals (1873)

nRT
n
RT
a
p
a

V nb V
V b V
2

Dieterici (1899)

RTe
p
V b

a / RTVm

van der Waals

Justification for van der Waals Equation

Repulsion between molecules accounted for by
assuming their impenetrable spheres

nRT
n
RT
a
p
a

V nb
V
V b V
2

Equation

Effective volume of container

reduced by a number proportional to
the number of molecules times a
volume factor larger than the volume
of one molecule
Thus V becomes (V-nb)
b depends on the particular gas
He small, Xe large, bXe >bAr
Attractive forces act to reduce the pressure

Depends on both frequency and

force of collisions and proportional
to the square of the molar volume
(n/V)2
Thus p becomes p + a (n/V)2
a depends on the particular gas
He inert, CO2 less so, aCO2 >>aAr

vanderWaalsConstants
gas
Ar
CO2
He
Xe

a
(atmL2/mol2)
1.337
3.610
0.0341
4.137

b
(102L2/mol)
3.20
4.29
2.38
5.16

van der Waals Equation Reliability

Ideal vs van derWaals Isotherms @ n = 1
60

Ideal Gas (150K)

Xe (150K)

50

Ideal Gas (450K)

Xe (450 K)
Ideal Gas (289.75K)
Xe (Tc =289.75K)

40

30

20

10

0
0.1

1
V (Liters)

Above Tc, fit is good

Below Tc, deviations

10

van der Waals Equation Reliability

CO
2

vanderWaals@T/Tc

nRT
n
RT
a
p
a

V nb V
V b V
2

van der Waals Equation

Effect of T and Vm

Ideal gas isotherms obtained

2nd term becomes negligible at high enough T
1st term reduces to ideal gas law at high enough V m

At or below Tc

Liquids and gases co-exist

Two terms come into balance in magnitude and oscillations occur

1st is repulsive term, 2nd attractive

dp
dV

dp
dV
2

At Tc, we should have an flat inflexion point, i.e., both 1st and 2nd derivatives of equation w.r.t
Vm = 0
Solvingtheseequationsforp,VmandTgivespc,VcandTcin
RT
a
d
2
termsofaandb
V

b
Vm
m
RT
2a
Hint:youmustuseoriginaleqntodothis

0
2
3
pc=a/27b3,Vcpc=3bandTc=8a/27Rb
dVm
Vm b Vm
Criticalcompressionfactor,Zc,canbecalculated

RT
2a
usingdefinitionforZ:

d
2
3
27Rb 3
pVm=RTZ p V a
Vm b Vm
2RT
6a
Z

3b

0
R8a 8
3
RT 27b
4
c

dV

Thisshouldbeaconstantforallgasesandis(Table
1.4)

21

22

Comparing Different Gases

Different gases have different

values of p, V and T at their
critical point
You can compare them at any
value by creating a reduced
variable by dividing by the
corresponding critical value
preduced = pr = p / pc; Vreduced = Vr =
Vm / Vc; Treduced = Tr = T/ Tc
This places all gases on the
same scale and they behave in
a regular fashion; gases at the
same reduced volume and
temperature exert the same
reduced pressure.
Law of Corresponding States
Independent of equations of
state having two variables

p(atm)

pr

Units of some properties

Mass, m: quantity of matter in kg (Pt-Ir sample near
Paris)=1000g
Volume, V: space occupied in m3= 1000L
Force, F: mass acceleration in newtons (N=kg m s -2)
Work, w: F distance (N m = joule, J), form of ENERGY
(capacity to do work)
Pressure, p: F/area (N m-2 = pascal, Pa)
Temperature, T: determines in which direction energy will
flow (higher to lower), reported in K (= C + 273.15)
Amount, n: mole (number of atoms in exactly 12g carbon-12)
Avogadros number, NA = 6.022 1023 mol-1

Nb of atoms = n NA

Molar mass, M: mass per mole of substance (g/mol), M = m /

n
24

Pressure (revision)

Pressure is the force that acts on a given area (P=F/A).

Gravity on earth exerts a pressure on the atmosphere: atmospheric pressure.
We can evaluate this by calculating the force due to acceleration (by gravity)
of a 1m2 column of air extending through the atmosphere (this has a mass of
~10,000kg).

F m.a
F 10,000kg 9.8m / s 2 100,000kgm / s 2
This unit is a newton (N)

1 10 N
5
2
P F/A

10
N
/
m
1m 2
This unit is a pascal (Pa)
5

25

Units of Pressure
S.I. unit of pressure is the N/m2, given the name pascal (Pa).
A related unit is the bar (1x105 Pa) used because atmospheric pressure is ~ 1x105
Pa (100 kPa, or 1bar).
Torricelli (a student of Galileo) was the first to recognise that the atmosphere had
weight, and measured pressure using a barometer

Standard atmospheric pressure was thus defined as the

pressure sufficient to support a mercury column of 760mm
(units of mmHg, or torr).
Another popular unit was thus introduced to simplify things,
the atmosphere (atm = 760mmHg).

26

Come to the lecture to see what is on this

slide!

27

Real Gases

28

Perfect gas: only contribution to energy is KE of molecules

Real gases: Molecules interact if they are close enough, have a
potential energy contribution.
At large separations, attractions predominate (condensation!)
At contact molecules repel each other (condensed states have
volume!)

Ideal
(CO2)

Real

Critical Point
point at which surface separating two phases no longer
appears: interface between vapour and liquid phases
disappears, their densities become equal-supercritical
fluid

29

Critical Temperatures

Gas cannot be condensed

to a liquid above Tc
Vapour: gaseous phase below Tc
Gas: gaseous phase above Tc

30

Virial Coefficients and Boyle

Temperature
Virial coefficients depend upon T
T at which Z 0 is called the Boyle
Temperature (most like perfect gas)
pVm = RTB
Although the virial equation of
state is the most reliable, it does
not provide much insight into the
behaviour of gases
Johannes van der Waals (Dutch
physicist) proposed in 1873 an
alternate approximate equation of
state
31

Van der Waals equation of state

Actual volume reduced in
proportion to number of
molecules present
(repulsions)
Attractive forces reduce
frequency of collisions and
their strength

Parameters depend on the gas,

but are taken to be independent
of T.
a is large when attractions are
large, b scales in proportion to
molecular size (note units)

32

nRT
n
P
a
V nb V

Features of vdW equation

Reduces to perfect gas equation

at high T and V
Liquids and gases coexist when
attractions repulsions
Critical constants are related to
coefficients. Flat inflexion of
curve when T=Tc.
Can derive (by setting 1st and 2nd
derivatives of equation to zero)
expression for critical constants
Vc = 3b, pc = a/27b2, Tc
=8a/27Rb
Can derive expression for the
Boyle Temperature
TB = a/Rb
34

Maxwell Construction
Below Tc calculated vderW isotherms have oscillations that are
unphysical.
In the Maxwell construction these are replaced with horizontal lines, with
equal areas above and below, to generate the isotherms.

35

Critical constants

pc

Vc

Tc

Zc

atm

cm3/mol K

Ar

48.0

75.3

150.7

0.292

411.5

CO2

72.9

94.0

304.2

0.274

714.8

He

2.26

57.8

5.2

0.305

22.64

O2

50.14

78.0

154.8

0.308

405.9

Test vderW for reasonableness

Zc =pcVc/RTc = 3/8 (=0.375)
(see: principle of corresponding states)

36

TB

Liquefaction-Irish Links!

Refrigeration developed by Carl von Linde in 19th

Century, in response to a request from
Guinness in Dublin for a new cooling technique.
Based upon the fact that gases cool as they
expand: Joule-Thomson effect (William
Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, born in Belfast),

The Linde refrigerator combines the JT process

with a counter-flow heat exchanger.
The gas is re-circulated and it cools on expansion
through the throttle. The cooled gas cools the
high-pressure gas, which cools still further as it
expands. Eventually liquefied gas drips from the
throttle.
37

Summary
Simplest state of matter is that of a gas
We can assemble an equation of state for an
idealised gas from experimental results (Boyle,
Charles, Avogadro)
Kinetic Molecular Theory can help explain the
molecular basis for these Laws
Real gases differ from ideal gases because of
inter-molecular interactions.

38

The Utilization Of Natural Gas

Natural Gas starts to play an important role as a
worldwide commodity in 1970s decade, The crisis
in oil supply in 1973 and the environmental issue
have been the major reasons in stimulating an
increase of gas utilization,
Nowadays, the countrys natural gas is utilized in
very wide area as feedstock for industries such as
methanol, ammonia, steel industry, petrochemicals,
power generation, also be found as LNG, LPG ,
CNG, GTL, BBG.

The Utilization Of Natural Gas

Natural Gas starts to play an important role as a
worldwide commodity in 1970s decade, The crisis
in oil supply in 1973 and the environmental issue
have been the major reasons in stimulating an
increase of gas utilization,
Nowadays, the countrys natural gas is utilized in
very wide area as feedstock for industries such as
methanol, ammonia, steel industry, petrochemicals,
power generation, also be found as LNG, LPG ,
CNG, GTL, BBG.

GAS PRODUCTION &

UTILIZATION

Berbagai Komposisi Gas Alam berdasar sumbernya

Kangean-Selat
Madura

BadakKaltim

Riau

Laut Jawa
Jawa Barat

C1

89.907

84.19

52.80

50.11

C2

3.059

5.26

7.02

6.52

C3

1.960

2.96

5.16

10.46

n-C4

0.442

0.64

1.80

2.01

i-C4

0.319

0.55

0.96

i-C5

0.205

0.23

0.74

n-C5

0.121

0.16

0.76

C6

0.230

0.36

4.70

CO2

2.424

5.60

19.66

0.18

N2

1.323

0.05

6.15

nd

H2S

nd

0.50 ppbw

nd

nd

(senyawa
belerang)

nd

25 ppbw

nd

Components

Densitas & Viscositas

1.75
0.55
0.46
0.92
25.18

Densitas & Viscositas

Gas Alam

Gas density ()
=

Molecular weight

(P) (MW)

(The gas density at P and T)

Z RT
P

kPa

m3

8,314

(kPa)m3/(kmol)(K)

Mpa

m3

0,00831

(MPa)m3/(kmol)(K)

bar

m3

0,08314

(bar)m3/(kmol)(K)

psi

ft3

10,73

(psia)ft3/(lb-mol)(oR)

lb/ft2

ft3

1545

(psia)ft3/(lb-mol)(oR)

Compressibility factor

Katz Correlation and Kays Rule

Tc and Pc for a mixture ??
Z for mixture ??

Pc = yi

Pseudocriti
cals
P
ci

Tc = yi

The
T
Rule
ci

yi = the mole fraction of each component in the mixture

Pc and Tc = the critical values for each component found in table

CONTOH
Calculate the compressibility factor (Z) and
the density of the mixture for the gas shown in
the table below at 13.94 MPa [2021 psia] and
331 K [595 oR] using Kays Rule and Figure
3.2
(Gunakan Tabel yang telah disediakan)

Tabel hasil Perhitungan

English
Comp

yi

Pc

Pc'

psia

Metric

Tc

psia

Tc'
R

Pc
R

Mpa

Pc'

Tc

Mpa

MW
Tc'

MW

MW'

N2

0.005

493.00

2.27

227.00

1.04

3.40

0.02

126.00

0.58

28.00

0.13

CO2

0.003

1071.00

3.21

548.00

1.64

7.38

0.02

304.00

0.91

44.00

0.13

H2S

0.144

1306.00

187.54

673.00

96.64

9.01

1.29

374.00

53.71

34.00

4.88

C1

0.841

668.00

562.06

343.00

288.60

4.60

3.87

191.00

160.71

16.00

13.46

708.00

4.18

550.00

3.25

4.88

0.03

305.00

1.80

30.00

0.18

616.00

0.49

665.00

0.53

4.25

0.00

370.00

0.30

44.00

0.04

529.00

0.16

735.00

0.22

3.65

0.00

408.00

0.12

58.00

0.02

489.00

0.10

846.00

0.17

3.37

0.00

470.00

0.09

72.00

0.01

0.006

C2

0.001

C3

0.000

i-C4

0.000

n-C5
1.00

Dari Data
Tabel

Dari Data
Komposisi
(hasil analisa)

760.00

Dari Data
Tabel

yi Pci

392.10

5.24

218.22

18.85

yi MW
yi Tci

yi Tci
yi Pci

English P/PC' = Pr' = 2021/760 =2.66; T/TC' = Tr ' = 595/392 = 1.52

Metric Pr' = 13.94/5.27 = 2.65; Tr ' = 331/218 = 1.52

From Fig. Chart

Z = 0.80 (Fig. 3.1)

The actual density of the gas can be found,

(13.94) (18.89)
(0.80) (0.00831) (331)

= 120 kg/m3

Gas Mixture Viscosity

Viscosity is the number which represents the drag
forces caused by the attractive forces in adjacent fluid
layers. It might be considered the internal friction
between molecules, separate from that between the
fluid and the solid wall. Since the intermolecular
forces are a function of the distance between
molecules, viscosity depends on whether the fluid is a
liquid or gas at system temperature and pressure.

Units of Viscosity
Poise or centipoise, 1 poise = 1 (dyne) (sec)/cm2
1 centipoise (cp) = 0.01 dyn s/cm2 = 0.001 Pa s = 0.000672 lbm/ft sec
The kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by density.
1 centipoise = 0.01 cm2/s = 1.0 x 10-6 m2/sec

Gas Viscosity
One may calculate gas viscosity for a mixture from the following equation
i yi Mi
m =
yi Mi

m = mixture viscosity
I = viscosity of each component
Yi - mole fraction of each component
Mi = Molecular weight of each component

This equation usually checks within acceptable limits

Latihan

Hitunglah berapa konsumsi BBM premium kiloliter/tahun, bila yield

hasil pengolahan Minyak mentah sebesar 50 % dengan kemampuan
pengolahan sebesar 1 juta barrel/hari. Anggaplah proses operasi
selama 1 tahun (anggap 350 hari) adalah stabil.
Konsumsi BBM gasoline adalah sekitar 17 juta kiloliter/tahun dan
biodisel adalah 14 juta kiloliter/tahun. Bila direncanakan membuat
gasohol E-10 (10 % etanol) serta B-10 dari etanol, berapakah
kebutuhan etanol per tahun-nya.
Berdasarkan hasil rekayasa reaksi dan katalisis, Teknik Kimia-UI
telah berhasil mengembangkan BBM fraksi gas dari minyak nabati
aseton maupun butanol. Hitungah densitas maupun viskositas gas
tersebut apabila komposisi % mol-nya adalah sebagai berikut
% mol

83.997 0.010 0.256

3.487

0.074

0.053

0.062

3.992

N2

CO2

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

C3H6

H2

CO

0.746

7.323

C3H8

C4+