CARBOHYDRA

TES

By: Annisa Rahim

NEXT

CARBOHYDRATES

Definition
CarbohydrateMetabolism Pathway
Classification
Functions
Distribution of Glucose after a meal
Carbohydrate-containing food
Effect ofdeficiencyandexcessconsump
tionof carbohydrates

Definition
Carbohydrates are defined as organic
compounds with the general formula
Cm(H2O)n, hence the name "hydrate of
carbon".
They are also defined as
polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
to such substanceson simple chemical
transformations, and that form the supporting
tissues of plants and are important food for
animals and people.
BACK

NEXT

CarbohydrateMetabolis
m Pathway
a.
Gluconeogenes
is

BACK

NEXT

CarbohydrateMetabolis
m Pathway
b.
Glycogenolysis

glucos
e

NEXT

CarbohydrateMetabolism in Our
Body

BACK

CLASSIFICATIONS
a. Monosaccharides
These are sugars that
cannot be hydrolyzed to
simpler units.
According to the number
of carbon atoms,
monosaccharides are
classified into: trioses
(C3), tetroses (C4),
pentoses (C5),
hexoses (C6), heptoses
(C7)
BACK

b. Disaccharides
are produced from the
condensation of two
monosaccharide
molecules

NEXT

CLASSIFICATIONS
c. Oligosaccharides
It contains 3 to 10
monosaccharide
units.
It occurs in
glycoproteins, which
are
proteins to which
oligosaccharides are
covalently attached.
BACK

d. Polysaccharides
contain more than
10 monosaccharide
units and can be
hundreds of sugar
units in length and
includes Glycogen.

FUNCTIONS
Carbohydrates spare protein so that protein can
concentrate on building, repairing, and maintaining
body tissues instead of being used up as an energy
source.
For fat to be metabolized properly, carbohydrates
must be present.*
Carbohydrate is necessary for the regulation of
nerve tissue and is the ONLY source of energy for the
brain.
Certain types of carbohydrates encourage the
growth of healthy bacteria in the intestines for
digestion.
Some carbohydrates are high in fibre, which helps
prevent constipation and lowers the risk for certain
diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
BACK

Distribution of Glucose

BACK

Carbohydrates-Containing
Food

NEXT

Carbohydrates-Containing
Food

NEXT

Carbohydrates-Containing
Food

BACK

Effects
ofDeficiencyandExcessConsumpt
ionof Carbohydrates
Effects of carbohydrate deficiency:
Reduces Stamina: A diet deficient in Carbohydrates
causes a marked reduction of endurance (almost 50%)
Usage of fat as fuel source:Low carbohydrate in our
diet causes the fat reserves to be used as fuel source.
Ketosis: In the absence of carbohydrates, the body
starts using the proteins and convert it to sugars . This
causes ketosis which is nothing but the accumulation of
ketones in the body. Excess of ketones lead to water loss
and removal of sodium from the body. This may lead to
tiredness and lethargy.
Marasmus due to malnutrition: It is caused by
continuous deficiency of proteins and calories seen in
children. It involves wasting of muscles due to starvation.
Impairment of growth is also noticed.
NEXT

Effects
ofDeficiencyandExcessConsumpti
onof Carbohydrates
Effect of Excess Carbohydrates:
1.Obesity
2.Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM)
3.Cardiovascular disease
4.Cancer
5.Gastrointestinal diseases other than cancer
6.Dental caries
BACK

NEXT

Conclusion
Carbohydrates are defined as organic compounds
with the general formula Cm(H2O)n.
Carbohydrates metabolism: 2 pathway. They are
anabolism and catabolism.
Classification: monosaccharides, disaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Functions: regulation of nerve tissue and is the ONLY
source of energy for the brain, encourage the growth
of healthy bacteria in the intestines for digestion.
Distribution: liver, brain, muscle, fat, kidney.
Carbohydrate-containing food: candy, cake, pasta.
Effect of deficiency consumption carbohydrate:
marasmus, ketosis, and if excess: obesity, cancer,
dental caries.
NEXT

Recommendation
My advise
consume carbohydrates as needed,
dont less and dont excessive so that
our bodies stay healthy.
dont forget! Eat before hungry and
stop before replete

THANK YOU VERY

MUCH.