PHARMACEUTICAL

SOLUTIONS
ZARA KHAN
BP0950212

SOLUTIONS

DEFINITION
A solution is a homogenous
mixture that is prepared by
dissolving a solid, liquid, or
gas in another liquid.

COMPONENTS OF A
SOLUTION

SOLUTI
ON

SOLUTE

SOLVEN
T

SOLUBILITY

The amount of solute dissolved

at room temperature in 100
gm of the solvent is called
solubility of the solution.

RELATIVE TERMS OF
SOLUBILITY
DESCRIPTIVE
TERM
Very soluble
Freely soluble
Soluble
Sparingly soluble
Slightly soluble
Very slightly
soluble
Practically
insoluble or
insoluble

PARTS OF THE
SOLVENT REQUIRED
FOR 1 PART OF
SOLUTE
<1
1-10
10-30
30-100
100-1000
1000-10000
>10000

TYPES OF SOLUTION
ON THE BASIS OF NATURE OF SOLUTE
S. No
Solute
Solvent AND SOLVENT
Examples
Air (Mixture of 78% N2, 21% O2 and 1% other gases)

1.

Gas

Gas

2.

Gas

Liquid

3.

Gas

Solid

Carbonated soft drinks such as Coca Cola etc. NH3 gas in

water, and air dissolved in water.
H2 gas absorbed over palladium metal.

4.

Liquid

Gas

Cloud (water vapors in air), steam.

Alcohol in water, water in milk, milk in tea, vinegar (acetic

5.

Liquid

Liquid

acid in water).
Amalgam (e.g. Mercury in sodium), and water in jelly

6.

Liquid

Solid

powder.

7.

Solid

Gas

Smoke (carbon particles in air).

8.

Solid

Liquid

Sugar in water, sea water.

Alloys such as brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and

9.

Solid

Solid

tin), steel (carbon and iron), glass.

CONCENTRATION OF A
SOLUTION
The concentration of a solution
refers to the strength of the solution.
Solutions are often described as
unsaturated, saturated and
supersaturated solutions.
UNSATURATED
SOLUTIONS
SATURATED SOLUTIONS
SUPERSATURATED
SOLLUTIONS

FOR EXAMPLE:

PHARMACEUTICAL
SOLUTIONS
Pharmaceutical solutions are
dosage forms prepared by
dissolving the active
ingredient(s) in an aqueous or
the pharmacist,
non-aqueous For
solvent
solutions are more
defined by the site of
administration and
composition than by
physiochemical
definition.

ADVANTAGES
OF SOLUTIONS

Easier to swallow.
More quickly effective
tablets and capsules.

than

Homogenous
Minimizes adverse effects in
GIT.

DISADVANTAGE
S OF
SOLUTIONS

They are bulky therefore difficult

to transport and store.
The unpleasant taste or odors are
difficult to mask.
They need an accurate spoon to
measure the dose.
They are less stable than solid

PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTION

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
When a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in solvent, certain
properties of the resultant solution
are largely independent of the
nature of the solute and are
determined by the concentration of
the solute particles. These properties
are known as colligative properties.

MOVEMENT OF MOLECULE INSIDE

AND OUTSIDE OF CELL

DIFFUSION IN SOLUTIONS
Diffusion may
be defined as
the
spontaneous
transference of
a component
from a region in
the system
which has a
high chemical
potential is
lower.

STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS
Both physical and chemical stability of
solutions in their containers is very
important. A solution must retain its clarity,
color, odor, taste and viscosity over its shelf
life.

PRESERVATIVES
In addition to stabilization of pharmaceutical
preparations against chemical and physical
degradation, liquid and semisolid
preparations must be protected against
microbial contamination.

EXAMPLES OF PRESERVATIVES
PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES USED AS PRESERVATIVES

2% 5%
29%

Inorganic compounds
Phenols and benzoic acid based
substances

8%
14%

Alcohols
Formaldehyde

11%
31%

Organic acids and carbonates

Isotiazoles and other nitrogen containing
compounds
Other organic compounds

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING

PRESERVATIVE

METHODS OF
PREPARATION
OF SOLUTIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
ACCORDING TO VEHICLES

AQUEOUS PHARMACEUTICAL
SOLUTIONS

DOUCHES
GARGLES

NASAL
SOLUTIONS
ENEMAS

AQUEOUS PHARMACEUTICAL
SOLUTIONS

MOUTHWASH

OTIC
SOLUTION

INHALANT
SPRAY

SWEET &/OR VISCOUS

PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

MUCILAGES

SYRUPS

JELLY

NON-AQUEOUS
PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

COLLOIDONS

LINIMENTS
SPIRITS
ELIXIRS

GLYCERINES

QUESTIONS?