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Latin America

Balegan, Rossbrent Ols


Canosa, Ezra Joy
Celino, Rayan
Dascil, Vwxyz
Felipe, Jeanne Alexandra
Lapena, Geneva
Mulato, Chester
Piocos, Rollyn
Tamag, Johnlen U.

Background
Latin America was originally
used by French geographers to
differentiate between Anglo and
Romance (Latin based) languages.
The region was basically composed
of diverse cultures ranging from
Spanish, Portuguese, African and
other cultures that were introduced
through trade.

Events that Formed Latin


America
Papal Bull Inter Caetera and the Treaty of
Tordesillas (1493-1494)

Events that Formed Latin


America
The Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires
(1519-1533)

Events that Formed Latin


America
Independence from Spain and Portugal
(1806-1898)

Events that Formed Latin


America
MexicanAmerican War
(18461848)

War of Triple
Alliance (18641848)

War of the
Pacific (18791884)

Events that Formed Latin


America
Mexican Revolt
Panama Canal
(1881-1893, 1904- (1911-1920)
1914)

Cuban Revolt

Events that Formed Latin


America
Operation Condor (1975-1983)

Forms of Government
Republic
In a republic, the people have an impact on their
government. The most common definition is "a form
of government in which its head of state is not a
monarch." It is ruled by a president or a head of state.

Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Haiti
Bolivia
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Guyana

Federal Republic
It is a federation of states with a republican form of
government.In which the federation is the central
government, however they still follow the terms of a
republic.
Brazil
Mexico
Venezuela

Constitutional Democratic Republic


In this type of republic, the head of state and other
government officials are elected to represent the
people. They must govern the country according to an
existing constitution that limits their power over
citizens.

Guatemala
Honduras
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay

Democratic Republic
A democratic republic is mostly a republic, who
emphasizes the fact that they are also
democratic. So this means that their government
is ruled by the people, and, as being a republic,
they are not ruled by kings
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic

Constitutional Democracy
In which, the government is based on the popular
vote and the powers and limits of the government
are in a written constitution
Panama

Parliamentary Democracy
This is a type of representative government in
which the dominant legislature party determines
the Prime Minister of the country
Bahamas
Jamaica
Commonwealth
The main purpose of a commonwealth government is
to protect the welfare of the citizens and to do
what is the peoples best interest

Communist State
This form of government is when a communist party
controls the state. Most have planned economies.
Communism is a branch of socialism, which
promotes a classless and stateless (government
less) society with the idea of common ownership.
Cuba

Mexico and Central


America

Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama

Caribbean Region
Bahamas
Bahamas, Turks
and Caicos Islands
Greater Antilles
Cuba, Jamaica,
Puerto Rico, Haiti,
Dominican
Republic
Lesser Antilles

South America

Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela

Political ecology
The relationship between political
institution and the physical or natural
environment to which the region have had
to adapt
In Latin America, geographic factors have
often hindered economic development and
impeded state building like
spread of the states administrative institution
popular recognition of the states legitimate
authority
growth of sense of citizenship

Geography

Mountai
ns and
Highlan
ds

Sierra Madre
Andes
Patagonian Plateau
Guiana Highlands
Brazilian Highlands

River Systems

3 Main River
Systems
Amazon
Orinoco
Rio de la Plata

Coastal Plains

Climate
Varied Climate
Zones:
Dry Climate
Tropical
Climate
Temperate

Natural
Resources

Agriculture

Forestry and Fishing

Mining and Drilling

Political Culture
Spanish and Portuguese languages
and Roman Catholic religion provide
elements of common Latin tradition
Culture of the Latin America is
influenced by:

Pre-colombian cultures
European colonial culture
Culture of Africa
Chinese, Indian, Filipino and Japanese
immigration

Ancient Civilizations
Maya (250 900 AD)
Mexico, Belize, Guatemala
Ruled by kings and priests
Sacrifice and bloodletting

Aztec (1400 1520)


Mexico
Practiced sacrifices and built large pyramids

Inca
Peru and Chile
Built system of roads through Andes Mountains to
connect their empire

European Colonization
(1500s)
In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed a treaty
that
divided control of South
America
1500s Europeans arrived and conquered
the
Aztecs and Incas
Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Inca
Though, some natives were able to preserve
their
cultures by moving to
REMOTE regions

European Influences:

Language: Spanish (2/3) and Portuguese (1/3)


Religion: Roman Catholic
Patterns of Ethnicity
Racial Caste System
Blanco (European) dominated social, political, economic
systems
Mestizo ( Mixed Ancestry)
Indio (Indian)
Negro ( African)

Colonial structure transplanted feudalism

Peninsulares
Creoles European who were born in Latin America
Mestizo
European/African Mix
Native Americans and Africans

African Influences:
After establishing colonies,
Europeans enslaved native
peoples in the Caribbean and
Brazil to work on Sugar
Plantations
After many natives died from
DISEASE and MALTREATMENT,
Europeans brought Africans
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Voodoo
Music Calypso, steel drum
bands and reggae

Religion
The majority of the people are Roman
Catholic
Latin America is active in developing the
quasi-socialist Roman Catholic Movement
known as Liberation Theology
Interpretation of Christian faith out of the
experience of the poor and an attempt to
read the Bible and key Christian doctrines
with the eyes of the poor

Forcing the indigenous population to accept


Catholicism was made possible by their

Patterns of Rule
Latin America was known for its
authoritarian political traditions
and the extreme misdistribution of
wealth
In 1980s, the political landscape
changed as one Latin American
country after another switched from
military rule to civilian government
Economic liberalization progressed
but lagged behind democratization

The Latin Authoritarian


Model
Patterns of Military Rule
Army ruled in coalition with civilian
leaders
Military and civilian rulers tended to
alternate in power
Rule of the Caudillo
A general turned president

Regimes legitimacy depended heavily


on the prestige and personal authority
of the supreme leader

Patterns of Military Rule


In 1960s and 1970s, the military entered
into a limited partnership with civilian
politicians, holding elections or plebiscites
Democracy
In the late 1970s, most regions began
converting to civilian rule
Two opposing trends shaped politics:
Violent forces of revolution
Repression
The third trend appeared in 1990s that moved
toward greater regional economic integration

Patterns of rule
Military regimes
Powers of executive are apportioned
among several high ranking military
officers who form junta (ruling
oligarchy)
Military intervention in domestic
politics is a tradition
Declined at the end of 20th century

Problems and
Prospects

Problems
Political
Rampant corruption

Economic

Rising inflation
Debt crisis
Energy resource issues
Lacking infrastructures

Social
Inequality
Drug trafficking

Prospects
The region grapples with lower commodity prices
and large trade deficits
Currencies will remain weak
Drop of oil prices and exports will lead to
inflationary pressures
Middle class will increase
Improvement in the quality of education and
skills

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