Pemakaian Tabir Surya?

Terlalu lama terpapar sinar

matahari dapat
menyebabkan :
Muncul tanda2 penuan dini
pada kulit (sprti: keriput)
Rasa terbakar
Kanker kulit

2
Sources: http://www.oasishospital.org/previousnews.html; http://wohba.com/archive/2005_03_01_archive.html

Kanker Kulit
Prediksi terkena
kanker kulit:
1930 : 1 in 5,000
2004 : 1 in 65
2050 : 1 in 10

Kanker kulit:
~50% dari semua
jenis kanker
> 1 juta
kasus/tahun (US)
Penyebab 1 orang
meninggal/jam (US)

Causes of the increase:

Penipisan lapisan ozon
Peningkatan pemaparan sinar
matahari
Peningkatan penggunaan tanning
Sources:
;
3 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8379291/site/newsweek/
beds)
http://www.skincarephysicians.com/skincancernet/whatis.html; http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/skincancer.h

Gelombang Cahaya
Panjang
gelombang

Frekuensi makin
tinggi panjang
gelombang makin
pendek

Frekuansi = banyaknya gelombang per detik

Panjang Gelombang = jarak antara satu puncak
dengan puncak berikutnya
Frekuensi x panjang gelombang = kecepatan
cahaya

PAKET Atau FOTON

Energi berupa foton (E) ditentukan
oleh nilai frekuansi (f) dari suatu
radiasi.
E=hxf

radiasi dengan frekuensi yang

tinggi, memiliki energi yang
lebih tinggi pada tiap
E
fotonnya.
Energi pada foton
menentukan bagaimana
interaksi foton dengan kulit.
Total energi suatu sinar
ditentukan oleh banyaknya
foton.

Ef

Skin Damage
The kind of skin damage is determined by
the size of the photon ( E = h x f)
The UV spectrum is broken into three parts:
Very High Energy (UVC)
High Energy (UVB)
Low Energy (UVA)

As far as we know,
visible and IR
radiation dont
harm the skin

Source: http://www.arpansa.gov.au/is_sunys.htm

High Energy

Low Energy

Skin Damage II
Very high energy radiation
(UVC) is currently blocked
by the ozone layer (ozone
hole issue)
High energy radiation
(UVB) does the most
immediate damage
(sunburns)
But lower energy radiation
(UVA) can penetrate
deeper into the skin,
leading to long term
damage

Source: N.A. Shaath. The Chemistry of Sunscreens. In: Lowe NJ, Shaath NA, Pathak MA, editors. Sunscreens,
development, evaluation, and regulatory aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997. p. 263-283.

So many sunscreens .
New and
Improved
Now with Nano-Z
Broadband
Protection
SPF 50
Safe for Children
8

Tabir Surya
Zat yang mengandung bahan
pelindung kulit terhadap sinar
matahari sehingga sinar UV tidak
dapat memasuki kulit (mencegah
gangguan kulit karena radiasi sinar

Types of UV filters
Organic sunscreens
Carbon based molecules
absorb UV radiation and
convert it to heat energy.
Examples: Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane,
Octocrylene, Butyl
Methoxycinnamate

Physical sunscreens
Adsorb and scatter UV
radiation.
Examples: Titanium
dioxide, Zinc oxide
Micronised versions now
extensively available.

Organic vs. Physical Advantages

Organic
Well understood by
formulators.
Low concentrations can
give good efficacy.
Good skin feel with no
powdery appearance.

Physical
Broad spectrum and
photostable.
Safe and low irritancy.
No need to use more than
one active to gain high SPF.
Once dispersed are easy to
incorporate into finished
product.

Organic vs. Physical Disadvantages

Organic
Most are narrow spectrum
and some are not
photostable.
Usually need to mix to get
broad spectrum and high
SPF.
Questions over irritancy and
impact on environment.

Physical
Can be difficult to formulate
with, if not pre-dispersed.
Can leave skin appearing
white and if not formulated
carefully give poor skin
feel.
Questions over nano
particles, do they absorb
into skin?

The SPF Rating

Sunscreens first developed to prevent
sunburn
Ingredients were good UVB blockers
SPF (Sunscreen
Protection Factor)
Number
Measures the strength
of UVB protection only
Doesnt tell you
anything about
protection from UVA
Most (all?) now claim
UVA/B protection
13

Sources: http://www.shop.beautysurg.com/ProductImages/skincare/14521.jpg and

http://www.shop.beautysurg.com/ProductImages/skincare/14520.jpg

The UVA Problem

UVA rays have no
immediate visible
effects but cause
serious long term
damage
Cancer
Skin aging

Sunscreen makers
working to find UVA
blockers
No official rating of UVA
14
protection yet
Source: http://www.cs.wright.edu/~agoshtas/fig8.jpg

Twenty different skin cancer

lesions

15

Sunscreen Ingredients
Lotion
Several active
ingredients in
colloidal
suspension
Organic
Inorganic

Organic Ingredients: The

Basics
Organic = Carbon Atoms
Hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
atoms are also often involved

Octyl methoxycinnamate
(C18H26O3)
an organic sunscreen
ingredient

Structure
Covalent bonds
Exist as individual molecules

Size
Molecular formula determines size
Typically a few to several dozen
(<10 nm)

16
Sources: http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=135# and original image

Organic Ingredients: UV
Absorption
1. Electrons capture
the energy from UV
rays
2. They jump to higher
energy levels
3. The energy is
hf=2.48 eV
released as infrared
rays which are
harmless (each ray
is low in energy)

17
Source: Adapted from http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=135#and

3hf=2.48 eV

Organic Ingredients: Absorption Range

Organic molecules only absorb UV
rays whose energy matches
difference between electron energy
levels
Different kinds of molecules have
different peaks and ranges of absorption
Using more than one kind of ingredient
(molecule) gives broader protection

18

One Ingredient

Two Ingredients

Three Ingredients

Source: Graphs adapted from http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/projects/sunscreens/pages/sunscreens02.html

Organic Ingredients:
Absorption Range cont.
Most organic ingredients that are
currently used were selected because
they are good UVB absorbers
The FDA has approved 15 organic
ingredients

Sunscreen makers are trying to develop

organic ingredients that are good UVA
blockers
Avobenzone (also known as Parasol 1789) is
a new FDA approved UVA blocker
19
Source: http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/MonthlyMolecules/2004/Oct/JCE2004p1491fig4.gif

How are inorganic

sunscreen ingredients
different from organic ones?

20

Inorganic Ingredients: The

Basics
Atoms Involved
Zinc or Titanium
Oxygen

Detail of the
ions in one
cluster

Structure
Ionic attraction
Cluster of ions
Formula unit doesnt dictate
size

Size
Varies with # of ions in cluster
~10 nm 300 nm

Group of TiO2 particles

Source:21
http://www.microspheres-nanospheres.com/Images/Titania/TIO2%20P7.jpg and image adapted from
http://www.cse.clrc.ac.uk/msi/projects/ropa.shtml

Inorganic Ingredients:
Cluster Size
Inorganic ingredients come in
different cluster sizes (sometimes
called particles)
Different number of ions can cluster
together
Must be a multiple of the formula unit
ZnO always has equal numbers of Zn and O
atoms
TiO2 always has twice as many O as Ti atoms
22

~100 nm TiO2 particle

~200 nm TiO2 particle

Source: Images adapted from http://www.cse.clrc.ac.uk/msi/projects/ropa.shtml

Inorganic Ingredients: UV
Absorption
Inorganics have a
different absorption
mechanism than
organics
Absorb consistently
through whole UV
range up to ~380nm

23
Source: Graph adapted from http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/projects/sunscreens/pages/sunscreens02.html

Inorganics: Appearance Matters

Traditional inorganic
sunscreens appear white
on our skin (not cool!)
Many people dont like
how this looks, so they
dont use sunscreen with
inorganic ingredients
Of the people who do use
them, most apply too little
to get full protection
24

Source: http://www.4girls.gov/body/sunscreen.jpg

Why Do They Appear White?

Traditional ZnO and TiO2
clusters are large
(> 200nm)

Large clusters scatter visible

light
(400-700 nm)
Maximum scattering occurs
for wavelengths twice as large
as the clusters

The scattered light is

reflected to our eyes,
appearing white
25
Source: Original image

26

Waves and obstacles

Waves go around small

Nanosized
obstacles
ZnO
Waves scatter all around
particles
from obstacles of sizes
comparable to a
wavelength
Ocean waves scatter
off big rocks, go around
small ones
Nano size particles (< 100
nm) will not scatter visible
light and nano sunscreen
appears clear

Large ZnO
particles