FOUNDATION

EVERY STRUCTURE CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING

TWO PARTS
SUPER STRUCTURE
FOUNDATION (SUB STRUCTURE)

THE FOUNDATION IS A PART OF SUB STRUCTURE .FOUNDATION IS

THE LOWEST ARTIFICIALLY PREPARED PARTS OF THE STRUCTURES

WHICH ARE DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE GROUND AND WHICH
TRASMIT THE LOADS OF THE STRUCTURES TO THE GROUND .
FOUNDATION SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT SETTELEMANT
INTO THE GROUND IS LIMITED AND UNIFORM UNDER THE WHOLE
OF THE BUILDING.

THE SOLID GROUND ON WHICH THE FONDATIONS REST

IS CALLED FOUNDATION BED .

PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION : TO DISTRIBUTE THE LOAD OF THE STUCTURE,ON LARGE AREA ,SO
THAT THE INTENSITY OF LOAD DOSE NOT EXCEED THE SAFE BEARING
CAPICITY OF THE UNDERLYING SOIL.

TO PROVIED A LEVELLED AND HARD SURFACE FOR THE SUPER

STRUCTURE TO BE BUILT OVER IT.

TO INCREASE THE STABILITY OF THE STUCTURE AS A WHOLE ,AGAINST

SLIDING , OVERTURNING OR OTHER DISTRUBING FORCES LIKE WIND
RAIN,ETC.

TO PREVENT THE LATERAL MOVEMENT OF THE SUPORTING MATERAIL

SO THAT SAFETY OF THE STRUCTURE IS NOT ENDANGERED.

LOADS ON FOUNDATION:
DEAD LOAD FORCE DUE TO STATIC WEIGHT OF

ALL WALLS, PARTITIONS, FLOORS, ROOFS &

FINISHES & ALL OTHER PARAMENT
CONSTRUCTION.
IMPOSED LOAD LOAD ASSUMED TO BE
PRODUCED BY THE INTEATED USE OF BUILDING,
INCLUDING DISTRIBUTED, CONCENTRATED,
IMPACT, INERTIA AND SNOW.
WINDLOAD EFFECTS OF WIND PRESSURE AND
SUCTION.
SIESMIC FORCES - DURING EARTHQUAKES.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION
a) Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation
ii) Mat / Raft Foundation
b) Deep Foundation System
i) Pile
iii) Diaphragham wall
ii) Pile walls
iv) Caissons

SPREAD FOUNDATION

 Spread footings may be built in different

shapes & sizes to accommodate individual

needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings

a) Square Spread Footings / Pad Foundation

- support a single centrally located
column
- use concrete mix 1:2:4 and
reinforcement
- the reinforcement in both axes are to
resist/carry tension loads.

PAD FOUNDATION

b) Rectangular Spread Footings

- Useful when obstructions prevent
construction of a square footing with a
sufficiently large base area and when
large moment loads are present

c) Circular Spread Footings

- are round in plan view
- most frequently used as foundation for
light standards, flagpoles and power
transmission lines.

d)Continuous Spread Footings / Strip Foundation

- Used to support bearing walls

e) Combined Footings
- support more than one column
- useful when columns are located too close
together for each to have its own footing

f) Ring Spread Footings

- continuous footings that have been wrapped into
a
circle
- commonly used to support the walls aboveground
circular storage tanks.
- The contents of these tanks are spread evenly
across the total base area and this weight is
probably
greater that the tank itself
- Therefore the geotechnical analyses of tanks
usually
treat them as circular foundations with diameters
equal to the diameter of the tank.

Ring Spread Footings

RAFT FOUNDATION
A foundation system in which essentially the

entire building is placed on a large

continuous
footing.
It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced
with steel, which carries the downward loads
of the individual columns or walls.
Raft foundations are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large area, normally
the entire area of the structure.

MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION

 It is normally consists of a concrete slab

which extends over the entire loaded area.

It may be stiffened by ribs or beams
incorporated into the foundation.
Raft foundations have the advantage of
reducing differential settlements as the
concrete slab resists differential
movements between loading positions.
They are often needed on soft or loose soils
with low bearing capacity as they can
spread the loads over a larger area.

Mat Foundation often considered

to be
used when dealing with the
following
conditions:
a) The structural loads are so high or the soil

condition so poor that spread footings would

be exceptionally large. As a general rule of
thumb, if spread footings would cover more
than 50% of the building footprint area, a
mat or some type of deep foundation will
usually be more economical.

b) The soil is very erratic & prone to

excessive differential settlements. The
structure continuity and flexural strength of
a mat will bridge over these irregularities.
The same is true of mats on highly
expansive soils prone to differential heaves.
c) The structural loads are erratic and thus
increase the likelihood of excessive
differential settlements. Again, the
structural continuity and flexural strength
of the mat will absorb these irregularities.

d) The lateral loads are not uniformly

distributed through the structure and thus
may cause differential horizontal
movements in spread footings and pile
caps.
The continuity of a mat will resist such
movement.
e)The uplift loads are larger than spread
footings can accommodate. The greater
weight and continuity of a mat may provide
sufficient resistance.

f) The bottom of the structure is located

below the groundwater table, so
waterproofing is an important concern.
Because mats are monolithic, they are
much easier to waterproof. The weight of
the mat also helps resist hydrostatic uplift
forces from the groundwater.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION SYSTEM

Differing ground conditions, proximity of trees, backfilled land,

soil types, proximity of drains, wind speeds, all dictate the form
our foundation work will take.
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS CAN BE CATOGORIZED IN BASIC 3
CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THE GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS
OF POINT, LINE AND PLANE.

POINT SYSTEM:- ISOLATED FOUNDATION

LINE SYSTEM:- STRIP FOUNDATION

PLANE SYSTEM:- RAFT FOUNDATION

THIS CHOICE ALSO EFFECT THE POTENTIAL FORM OF THE

SUPERSTRUCTURE.
THIS IS TO UNDERSTAND THE INNOVATIONS IN
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS.

ISOLATED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
ECCENTRIC FOOTING
CANTILEVER FOOTING

ISOLATED FOOTING
ALSO KNOWN AS COLUMN FOOTING.
IN CASE OF HEAVY LOADED COLUMNS, STEEL REINFORCEMENT

IS PROVIDED IN BOTH THE DIRECTIONS IN CONCRETE BED.

THE FOOTING IS REINFORCED BOTH WAYS BY MEANS OF MILD
STEEL RIBBED BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE
ANOTHER AT EQUAL DISTANCES APART.
GENERALLY, 15cm OFFSET IS PROVIDED ON ALL SIDES OF
CONCRETE BED.
8 CM THICK LAYER OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE IS PROVIDED
BEFORE REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING IS CONSTRUCTED
OVER IT.
AREAS OF USAGE
IF A MASONARY WALL IS SUBJECTED TO A VERY HEAVY LOAD
& BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL ON WHICH FOOTING IS TO
REST IS VERY LOW, RCC FOOTING MAY BE PROVIDED.

ISOLATED FOOTING

SECTION

COMBINED FOOTING
A COMBINED FOOTING SUPPORTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IN A
ROW.
TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTING
RECTANGULAR- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
EQUAL LOADS.
TRAPEZOIDAL- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
UNEQUAL LOADS AS WELL AS THERE ARE SPACE LIMITATIONS.

AREA OF USE:
WHEN THE BASE OF THE COLUMN IS VERY NEAR TO THE SITE

BOUNDARY AND CANNOT SPREAD UNIFORMLY AROUND.

WHEN FOUNDATIONS OF ADJACENT COLUMNS ARE LINKED
TO RESIST UPLIFT,OVERTURNING OR OPPOSING FORCES.
AS A SUBSTITUTE TO ECCENTRIC FOOTING.

 IN THE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS, THE FOOTING IS ASSUMED TO BE

RIGID AND RESTING ON A HOMOGENEOUS SOIL.

AIM
THE LOCATION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF COLUMN LOADS AND

THE CENTROID OF FOOTING SHOULD COINCIDE SO THAT

UNIFORM PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION TOOK PLACE.
THE MAXIMUM BENDING
MOMENT IS TAKEN AS THE
DESIGN VALUE FOR THE RCC
FOOTING & SHOULD BE
CHECKED FOR MAXIMUM
SHEAR AND BOND ETC.
COMBINED FOOTING

ECCENTRIC FOOTING
(1) THE FOUNDATION MAY BE SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOAD
UNDER THE FOLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES;
(A) WHEN A WALL OR COLUMN IS SITUATED AT THE PROPERTY LINE,
ITS FOUNDATION CANNOT BE EXTANDED BEYOND THE
PROPERETY LINE THUS RESULTING ECCENTRIC LOAD ON THE
FOUNDATION
(B) CANTILIVER BALCONIES, BRACKETS, ETC ATTACHED TO THE
WALLS OR COLUMNS BENDING MOMENT IN THEM AND THUS
CAUSE ECCENTRIC LOADING ON THE FOUNDATION
ECCENTRIC LOADS CAUSE UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE ON
THE SOIL BELOW THE FOUNDATION.
IF ECCENTRICITY IS SMALL,
ALTHOUGH DITRIBUTION OF THE
SOIL WILL BE VARYIN, BUT IT WILL
REMAIN COMPRESSIVE. IN THIS CASE,
IT SHOULD BE ENSURED THAT THE

(2)

(3)

MAXIMUM INTENSITY OF PRESSURE SHOULD NOT BE

MORE THEN THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL. IF
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD IS QUITE LARGE, IT IS JUST
POSSIBLE THAT WALL OR COLUMN MAY EVEN OVERTURN.
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE METHODS WHICH CAN BE
USED TO ENSURE THE STABLITY OF THE WALL OR
COLUMN WITHOUT ENCROACHING THE AREA BEYOND THE
LIMIT OF PROPERTY LINE.
OFFSETTING THE FOOTING- IN THE CASE OF THE
BOUNDARY WALL, FOOTING IS PROVIDED WITH OFFSET ON
THE INSIDE OF THE WALL ONLY, WHEREAS THE OUTER
FACE IS MAINTAINED FLUSH WITH THE BOUNDARY LINE,
RIGHT UPTO THE BOTTOM OF THE FOUNDATION. THE LINE
OF ACTION OF LOAD WILL BE AWAY FROM THE CENTRE OF
THE FOOTING.
THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THIS CASE WILL BE SUCH
THAT MAXIMUM PRESSURE INTENSITY WILL BE AT THE
OUTER FACE A OF THE FOOTING AND MINIMUM AT THE
INNER FACE B OF THE FOOTING.

(4) MASONRY STRUCTURE ARE NEVER ALLOWED TO DEVELOP

TENTION AND AS SUCH, THE WIDTH OF FOOTING IS SO
PROPORTIONED THAT THE C.G. OF THE LOAD REMAINS WITHIN
MIDDLE OF THE BASE OF THE WALL FOOTING SO THAT NO
TENTION IS DEVELOPED ANYWHERE IN THE FOUNDATION. IT IS
ALSO SEEN BY SIDE THAT INTENSITY OF PRESSURE AT POINT A
DOES NOT EXCEED THE SAFE PERMISSIBLE VALUE OF THE SOIL.
(5) BY PROVIDING STRAP FOOTINGS. THE OFFSETTING METHOD
DESCRIBED ABOVE IS APPLICABLE ONLY IN THE CASE OF HARD
SOILS. THIS METHOD IS NOT SUTIABLE WHEN FOUNDATION SOIL
IS SOFT AND LOAD TO BE TRANSMITTED IS HEAVY AS INTENSITY
OF MAXIMUM PRESSURE DEVELOPED BELOW THE FOUNDATION
WILL BE EXCEEDED, THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOFT
UNDERLYING SOIL. UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES STRAP BEAM
FOOTING MAY BE ADOPTED.

 IN THIS CASE,LOAD ON THE OUTERCOLUMN SITUATED AT

BOUNDARY LINE IS BALANCED BY THE LOAD ON THEINNER

COLUMN THROUGH A CANTILEVER BEAM ACTING ABOUT A
FULCRUM.
THIS TYPE OF FOOTING CAN BE CONTRUCTION IN R.C.C. OR
STEEL GRILLAGE. IF INTERIOR COLUMN CANNOT BE
PROVIDED, A HEAVY CONCRERE BLOCK MAY BE
CONSTRUCTED TO NECESSARY LEVERAGE TO SUPPORT THE
LOAD ON THE OUTER WALL.

CANTILEVER FOOTING
USED WHERE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COLUMNS IS SO

GREAT THAT A COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING BECOMES

QUITE NORROW WITH HIGH BENDING MOMENT
THE STRAP BEAM DOES NOT REMAIN IN CONTACT WITH THE
SOIL;SO A STRAP DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY PRESSURE TO SOIL
HOWEVER,BECAUSE THE STRAP IS INFINITELY STIFF,HENCE IT
SERVES TO TRANSFER COLUMN LOADS ON TO THE SOIL WITH
EQUAL AND UNIFORM SOIL PRESSURE UNDER BOTH FOOTING

CANTILEVER\STRAP FOOTING

TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURES :

OVERSTRESSING OF SOIL: IF THE SOIL IS OVERSTRESSED, IT
MAY LEAD TO A SHEAR FAILURE RESULTING IN THE SLIDING OF
THE SOIL ALONG A PLANE OF RUPTURE AND THUS RESULT IN
THE COLLAPSE OF THE STRUCTURE.

TILTING OF STRUCTURE: IF THE FOUNDATION AREA OF A

STRUCTURE IS SUCH THAT THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF THE

LOADS DOES NOT COINCIDE (IN PLAN) WITH THE CENTRE OF
GRAVITY OF THE FOUNDATION AREA THE CONSEQUENT
BEARING ACTION WILL BE NON UNIFORM. AT THE EDGE CLOSER
TO THE CENTRE OF THE GRAVITY OF THE LOADS THE
PRESSURE INTENSITY WILL BE HIGHER RESULTING IN A
GREATER SETTLEMENT OF THE SOIL AT THIS EDGE.

SETTLEMENT: TO ENSURE UNIFORM SETTLEMENT,IT IS

NECESSARY THAT THE FOUNDATION AREA IS SO PROVIDED, THE

INTENSITY OF SOIL REACTION IS THE SAME UNDER ALL THE
FOOTINGS OF A STRUCTURE.

OVERTURNING OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE

SLIDING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE :