PS-1 FINAL

PRESENTATION
CREATED BYMOHIT SHAH - 2014A3PS757G
VAIBHAV BACHHAV 2014A8PS441G

ABOUT THE PRACTISE

SCHOOL-1 STATION

SIEMENS NASHIK WORKS,NASHIK

ESTABLISHED IN 1987
DETAILS:
1. Skilled workforce of 300 Siemens employees
2. Ships more than 4,000 engineered cabinets per year
3. 4,900 meter sq. state-of-the-art electronics manufacturing hall
and total of 142,223 meter sq. area

ORIENTATIONS OF VARIOUS
PLACES:
Electronics Hall
Auxiliary Hall
Traction Hall
Management and Operation Section

OUR WORKING PLACE:

Research and
Development
Department,
Siemens
We are working
under the guidance
of Mr. S Waghulde
(HoD of R&D

ON GOING PROJECTS IN
R&D:

Diesel locomotive battery charger

rectifier assembly
Buck Boost Converter
Excitation Current Regulator

TASKS COMPLETED:
Testing of Earth leakage relay on ELR test jig
Schematic design of Control card of battery
charger
Testing of Power supply card for battery charger

Tasks currently going on:

Generation of PWM signal using PIC18F4520 Microcontroller
and using it to control the H-bridge of Buck-boost convertor.

Testing of Power Supply

card:
This card supplies power to the control card of the
battery charger used in the locomotives of Indian
Railways.
The tests were mainly carried out to check the
stability at different loads and input voltages.

 The maximum power output to the load was set at 22W

which was operating at an input voltage of 70V.The
output voltage was controlled at 19V and the stability at
different load resistance was observed.
It was found that the circuit entered a hick-up mode for
currents upto 1.4A and the output stabilised after 1.3A
and was within the power consumption limits.

 The second test was carried out by varying the load

current and checking the voltage picked up on the input
side.
At no load , the circuit does not pick up at any input till
30V. At 1.1A the circuit picks up at 51V.
Then the load currents are checked for different input
voltages. At 71V we get a stable condition with a current
of 1.1A.

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is

a technique for getting analog results
with digital means. Digital control is
used to create a square wave, a signal
switched between on and off.
The term duty cycle describes the
proportion of 'on' time to the regular
interval or 'period' of time; a low duty
cycle corresponds to low power,
because the power is off for most of the
time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent,

The main advantage of PWM is that

power loss in the switching devices is
very low. When a switch is off there is
practically no current, and when it is on
and power is being transferred to the
load, there is almost no voltage drop
across the switch. Power loss, being the
product of voltage and current, is thus in
both cases close to zero. PWM also
works well with digital controls, which,
because of their on/off nature, can easily

Buck-Boost H-Bridge Circuit

sks after Mid-Term Work:

1.Linking Arduino with Java programming
language[ were able to write and execute the PWM code which
was ported from PIC18F4520 controller.]

2.Introduction to Raspberry Pi
3.Projects on Raspberry Pi
- Home Automation Project

Why Arduino with Java:

Arduino IDE is itself written in Java
We can add GUI properly in the projects when we
are using
Java instead of regular C-language
Interfacing it with Java allow us to create
sophisticated
interfaces and take advantages from the several

 We can interface some components very easily

to Arduino
As JAVA is a high-level language and abstracted
from the
machine-level details gives closer significance
to the
program itself.(helped at some points in Project
)
Java code is more portable so even we need to

Introduction to
Raspberry Pi
What is Raspberry Pi ?
1.Raspberry Pi in simple
words is
nothing but the miniComputer.
2.We can do all the possible
tasks
which our computer/laptop
can do
Ex. Browsing internet,
making
documents, playing

PROJECT:
Home Automation using Raspberry
Pi
What is Home-Automation:
Home Automation is making the system which is
capable of
operating the home devices automatically using the
latest
technology available in the market.
Ex. Automatic Temperature operation(AC) when
surrounding
temperature changes, depending on the light in
the home we

What we tried to do:

1. There will be main/primary
controller which is
Raspberry Pi 2 board.
2. This main controller will be
controlling the secondary
controllers i.e. Arduino Uno
boards
3. To the secondary Arduino
Uno there will be devices
connected.
4. Bus* connection between
RaspPi2 and all the Arduino
boards

Connection between Arduino and

various devices:

Hardware used(primary
components):
1. Raspberry Pi 2 Board
2. Arduino Uno/ Genuino Boards
3. Bus (for the interfacing between Raspberry Pi 2
and Arduinos)
4. Sensors
Ex. Light sensors, Temperature sensors, Motion
Sensors, etc.

Software and Operating System

used:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Linux for Raspberry Pi

Java + C for Arduino Uno and also for GUI part
Microsoft Visual Studio*
XML and Visual C#*

Continuing with the theory of the

Project
In the midterm report we presented how we generated a
PWM pulse and how we were planning to use the concept of
PWM to our advantage.
A few more concepts of microcontrollers were used after
the mid-term which will be explained further in the
presentation.
Some of them being:
Feedback Loop
A/D Converter
Proportional Integral(PI) software control

Objective of adding new concepts:

The output voltage needs to be constant at 72V and to
achieve this we need a feedback path in the control
loop so that the error gets computed and an action
can be taken accordingly.
For interpreting the error PI software control is used
which controls the PWM duty cycle based on the error
generated.
For calculating the error the output needs to be
checked which is done by the Analog to Digital
Converter(ADC) and error gets calculated based on
value given by the ADC.

Feedback Loop:
The output voltage of H-bridge is in the range of 072V which is very high for the ADC of microcontroller.
So to convert it to a range of 0-5V we need to use an
operational amplifier(Op-amp) to step down the
voltage. The VO is connected to the ADC.

10 bit Analog-to-Digital
Converter(ADC):
This is a peripheral connected to the CPU of
PIC18F4520 which converts the analog input to a
corresponding digital value which can be used for
further processing by the controller.
The sensed voltage is converted to a 10-bit format
which is then used to compute the error with respect
to a reference value stored in the controller.
The error is then passed on to the PI software control
loop to take appropriate actions.

Proportional Integral (PI) Software

Control:
The error that is passed on from the ADC macro to the
PI control loop undergoes mathematical changes and
the result of this calculations determines the duty
cycle of the signal in the next cycle.
The proportional part of the loop multiplies a constant
KP to the error and the integral part of the loop
considers the entire history of the error that was
computed till the existing point. This summation of
errors is actually an integration process. A constant KI
is multiplied to the sum of errors.

Proportional Integral (PI) Software

Control:
PI control holds special advantages over individual Pcontrol or I-control.
P-control ensures that the response is swift and the
steady state value is achieved quickly with some
steady state error.
I-control compliments the P-control as it reduces the
steady state error to absolute zero but it is a sluggish
system.
So as P and I control compliment each other well, the
combined response is fast as well as devoid of any