Pointing, Paints

and Varnishes
Unit VI
BCD

Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR
BE (CIVIL), ME(ENV.),PhD(persuing)
NK Orchid college of Engg. and Tech. , Solapur

Pointing
Finishing of mortar joints in

masonry.
In exposed masonry joints are
weakest parts.
Pointing consists of raking of
joints to a depth of 10 to 20 mm.

Types of pointing
1. Flush Pointing

Flush pointing The pointing may

be level as in flush pointing,

which is made by wiping over
the finished pointing with the
trowel or piece of rough cloth.
Does not give good
appearance.
But it is durable as it does not
provide any space for
accumulation of dust, water etc

2. Keyed or grooved
pointing

In this type mortar is first up

flush with the face if wall.

A semi circular notch is formed
by a tool know as pointer.
This type of pointing gives as
attractive appearance to the
surface.
This type is mostly used for
superior type work, particularly
for vertical joints of walls.

3.Recessed pointing

Recessed joints are not suitable

for buildings in exposed

situations.
This is done by pressing mortar
back from edges by 5 mm or
more.
Face of pointing is kept vertical.
Only bricks with good frost
resistance should be used with
recessed joints.

4. Weathered Pointing
V shaped projections are made.

5. V pointing or bucket
handle
Formed by forming a V

groove.

6. Beaded pointing
Formed by steel or iron

edge.
Gives food appearance
but liable to damage easily.

7. Tuck pointing

Groove of 5 mm width and

3 mm depth is prepared.
It is filled with white
cement or putty.

8. Struck pointing

Face of pointing is kept

inclined
Upper edge pressed inside
face by 10 mm

Paints and varnishes

Paints
Paints

are used to protect

metals, timber, or plastered
surfaces from the corrosive
effects of weather, heat, moisture
or gases etc and to improve their
appearance.

Properties of paint

There are a number of ways to judge

paint quality:
Wearability
Covering ability
Ease of cleaning
Protection of the substrate
Environmentally Friendly
Aesthetic
Practical and Cost Effective

Composition of paints
Fundamental components of an

oil-based paint are:

Body
Vehicle
Pigment
Thinner
Dryer

Body

Makes the paint film harder and

more resistant to abrasion

Reduce shrinkage cracks on drying
In white paint body is also the
pigment
Commonly used bases (body) are
White lead, Zinc oxide, Iron oxide,
Metallic powder such as Al, Cu, Br.
Paints more often named after the
base as Lead paint, Zinc paint, and

The

binder or resin,

is
forming

the
actual
film
component of paint.
It imparts adhesion, binds the
pigments together, and strongly
influences such properties as
gloss
potential,
exterior
durability,
flexibility,
and

Vehicle
Oily liquid in which the body

and pigment are soluble

Facilitates the paint to be
conveniently spread over the
surface
Oils most commonly used as
vehicle.

The main purpose of the vehicle

is to adjust the viscosity of the

paint.
It is volatile and does not
become part of the paint film.
It's main function is as the
carrier for the non volatile
components.
Water is the main vehicle for

Pigment
Pigments are materials which gives the

paint its color. In white paint the body is

the pigment. Natural pigments (natural
iron oxides, chrome oxides). Synthetic
pigments (phthalocynines coal tar
derivatives)
Pigments impart qualities such as color
and opacity (sometimes inappropriately
called 'hiding'), and influences properties
such as gloss, film flow, and protective
abilities.

Thinner
Liquid thinner is added in the paint

to
Increases fluidity
Making paint more smooth
Help penetration into porous
surfaces
Common thinner turpentine
(made by distilling gum from a
number of pine trees)

Dryers
Added to quicken the drying

of vehicle
Organic salts of Iron, zinc,
lead, manganese, Ca
To accelerate the oxidation
and hardening of vehicle

Defects in painting
Fading:

The gradual loss of color is known as fading.

This may be due to the effect of sun rays.

Flaking or Peeling
Due to the poor adhesion, paint may peel off
from the surface.

Blistering:
This is caused by water vapour, which is

trapped behind the painted surface. It may

occur due to imperfect seasoning of timber.

FLAKING

BLISTERING

PEELIN
G

Bloom
The formation of dull patches on the
finished surface is known as bloom. It may
occur due to bad ventilation or defective
paint.

Running:
The paint runs back and leaves some
areas of surface un covered. This defect
occurs when surface is too thickly painted
sagging will occur.

Wrinkling
If the horizontal surface is too thickly

WRINKLING

LACK OF ADHESION

Flashing
The patches seen on the painted
surface is known as flashing. It
may be due to poor
workmanship, weather action, or
poor quality of paint.

Grining:
If the opacity of the final coat is
insufficient, the back ground of
the painted surface is clearly
visible, this is known as grinning.

Efflorescence

Efflorescence or formation of white

powdery deposit on walls after
painting is caused due to salts
present in the building material like
brick and mortar, which surface
later on.
The Solution- Give a long time
gap between plastering and
painting (about 6 months including
one monsoon) Use paint with a

EFFLORECENC

Brush marks
Brush marks are caused due

tounder-thinning of paints or
due to poor application of the
final coat of paint or due to
poor quality brush.
The Solution - Ensure paint
of the right viscosity is applied
using a good brush.

BRUSH
MARKS

VARNISH

Definition:
A transparent solution of
resinous
substance
in
linseed oil, turpentine or in
alcohol is called varnish.

VARNISH

Characteristics of a good
varnish
It should dry rapidly.
It should form a hard film on drying.
It should not crack on drying.
It should be durable and weather
resistant.
It should give uniform and pleasing
appearance.
It should not hide the natural grains
of the inner surface of timber.

Painting the woodwork Steps

1. Preparation of surface:

The new wood should be seasoned and

it must be dried before painting. The
surface of the wood should be cleaned
and nails should be punched below the
surface.
2. Knotting:

The knots covered with suitable

material is called knotting.

3. First coat:

After knotting the primary coat is

applied on the surface of the wood. It is
usually applied before the wood work is
fixed.
4. Second coat:
This coat is applied after knotting and
priming coat. Each coat applied
longitudinally in thin film and crossed,
so that no brush mark is seen on this
painted surface.
5. Final coat:
This coat is applied over the second

Surface Preparation for Enamel

painting

Previously painted wooden surfaces must

be properly sanded to remove any dust or

grease.
Apply wood primer by brush, after
thinning to given ratio by recommended
thinner.
Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty
or Lambi
Sand the applied putty with number 180
sand paper and then apply second coat of
wood primer.

Painting with enamel

Apply wood primer by brush, after

thinning to given ratio by

recommended thinner.
Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then
apply putty or Lambi.
Sand the applied putty with 180
no. sand paper and apply 2nd coat
of wood primer.
Now the wooden surface is ready
for painting with the top coat

Enamels are normally applied by

brushing although they can also be

sprayed.
The drying time of enamels is
longer; hence care must be taken to
ensure a dust free environment while
the paint film is drying.
Two coats of paint is sufficient in
most cases, however if the earlier
paint shade was significantly darker
than the new shade an additional

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