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ALTERNATE FUELS
WHAT IS AN ALCOHOL?
Organic compound in which a hydroxyl group is
bound to a saturated carbon atom.
Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because
they can be obtained from both natural and
manufactured sources.
OH
OH
OH
ADVANTAGES OF ALCOHOLS
one advantage shared by the first four major alcohol
fuels is their highoctane rating (more compression
before detonating) of more than 100.
this tends to increase their fuel efficiency and
prevents knocking.
Reduces the overall emissions compared to gasoline.
When burnt it gives higher pressure as it forms more
moles of exhaust gas.
METHANOL
used either in combination with gasoline or
directly.
most common blends are m85 and m10.
first produced by the destructive distillation of
wood and hence is commonly called wood
alcohol.
has a high octane rating of 114 and high heat of
vaporization.
due to lower energy content and lower
stoichiometric fuel air ratio of 6.42:1 means that
ADVANTAGES
reduces 10% decrease in gasoline use.
Reduces CO and HC emissions.
used in high speed racing cars.
DISADVANTAGES
it is hygroscopic (tendency to combine with water) due
to which alcohol separates from gasoline resulting in a
non homogeneous mixture causing different A/F
mixtures.
Very high increase in NOx and Formaldehyde emissions.
increased electrical conductivity promotes electric,
galvanic, and ordinary corrosion in the fuel system.
ETHANOL
Used in automobile industry for many years
mostly in Brazil.
All gasoline sold in brazil includes a blend of 18
to 27.5 percent ethanol.
Used mainly as a biofuel and as an additive to
gasoline.
Commonly made from the biomass of corn or
sugarcane.
Ethanol Blends include gasohol(90%gasoline
and 10%ethanol).
BLENDER PUMPS
A blender pump draws two fuels from separate
storage tanks and mixes them together in
various percentages to form a variety of fuel
choices for the stations customers.
Any combination of fuels is possible, and most
blending systems allow changes in the
percentages of ethanol
Ethanol blends exceeding 10% are clearly
EXTRACTION OF
ETHANOL
FERMENTATION OF ETHANOL
duringethanol fermentation, glucoseand other
sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or other crops) are
converted into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.
C12H22O11+ H2O + INVERTASE 2 C6H12O6
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ HEAT
The next step is Glycolysis.
Glucose molecule is broken down into
twopyruvatemolecules
SUCROSE
+ NAD+
n generalC H OH + 3 O 2 CO + 3 H O +
2
HEAT
D IST IL L AT ION
EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS
BSFC VS LOAD %
CO EMISSIONS
NOx EMISSIONS
TOTAL HC EMISSIONS
REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethanol_fuel
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alternative_fuel_vehicle
3. http://www.jesc.ac.cn/jesc_en/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?
file_no=20040519
4. http://ethanolrfa.org/how-ethanol-is-made/
5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15559814
Journals
6. Physico-chemical properties of ethanol diesel blend fuels and
its characterstics by degang li, huang zen et al, published 1 st
October, ELSEVIER.
7. Effect of ethanol percentage for diesel engine performance
using virtual engine simulation tool, ELSEVIER.
8. A performance review of ethanol-diesel blended fuel samples