System Analysis and

Design

Introduction to System
Analysis and Design
- Dr. Mahmoud Abu-Arra
- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul

Learning Objectives

Explain systems development tools,

including modeling, prototyping, and
CASE tools
Discuss and distinguish between system
development methodologies
Explain systems development methods,
RAD, JAD
Distinguish between structured analysis
and object-oriented methodology
Discuss how to use appropriate system
development method
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Introduction

There are several tools and techniques

to build information systems, to choose
the appropriate one to build your
system, you must study them first and
knows their uses.
Methodology is an approach, a method
or a technique for developing
information systems. The methodology
defines a method and a way of
developing an information system,
guiding planners in the desired working
method.
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System Analysis and Desig

Systems Development Tools

and Techniques

Systems analysts must know how to use a

variety of techniques such as modeling,
prototyping, and computer-aided systems
engineering tools to plan, design, and
implement information systems.
Systems analysts work with these tools in
a team environment, where input from
users, managers, and IT staff contributes
to the system design.
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System Analysis and Desig

Systems Development Tools and

Techniques

Modeling

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept

or process that system developers can analyze, test, and
modify. Modeling Used to describe and simplify an
information system:
Business model or Requirements model

Data model

Describes the design and protocols of telecommunication links

Process model

Describes objects, which combine data and processes.

Network model

Describes the data structure and design.

Object model

Describes the information that a system must provide.

Describes the logic that programmers use to write code

modules

Modeling techniques, including data flow diagrams

and entity relationship diagrams, and unified
modeling language diagrams.
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Systems Development Tools

and Techniques
Prototyping
Prototyping tests system concepts and provide an
opportunity to examine input, output, and user
interface before final decisions are made.
Early working version of an information system

Pros

Speeds up the development

process significantly
Users interact with
Prototype very quickly
Users can identify needed
changes and refine real
requirements
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Cons

Important decisions might

be made too early, before
business or IT issues are
thoroughly understood
Initial Design decisions
may be poor

System Analysis and Desig

Systems Development Tools

and Techniques

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

(CASE) Tools

Also called computer-aided software

engineering, is a technique that uses
powerful software, called CASE tools, to
help systems analysts develop and
maintain information systems.
Framework for systems development and
support a wide variety of design
methodologies
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System Analysis and Desig

Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Bottom up

A formalized approach to implementing the SDLC

A series of steps and deliverables

As the base for the information system, this

approach uses the organizations operational level.
The starting point is that, the operational level
constitutes the core of the organization.
The information requirements of the intermediate
and management levels will be supplied by the
various processing stages of operational level
data.
Using this approach, studying the needs and
planning of the future system will be prepared
initially for the operational level.
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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Top Down
This

approach uses the organizations

management level as the base for the
information system. The definition of its
requirements and the system goals are
dictated by the organizations management.

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System Analysis and Desig

Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Integrated Approach

This approach combines both methods, with

the aim of benefiting from both the Bottom Up
and the Top Down approaches.
With this approach, the initial planning is
carried out by the Top Down method
The planning of the systems themselves (subsystems) is performed using the Bottom Up
approach in order to ensure proper planning,
based on operational level requirements.
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Methodologies in the development of

information systems

Structured Analysis

Structured analysis is a set of techniques and graphical

tools that allow the analyst to develop a new kind of system
specification that are easily understandable to the user.
Analysts work primarily with their wits, pencil and paper.
[Kendall 1996]
Uses a set of process models to describe a system
graphically
The availability of CASE tools in the 1990s enabled analysts
to develop and modify the graphical SASD models.

[1]

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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

O-O analysis combines data & processes into

things called objects
O-O analysis uses object models to represent
data and behavior, and to show how objects
affect other objects
By describing the objects (data) and methods
(processes) needed to support business
operation, a system developer can design
reusable components that allow faster system
implementation and decreased development cost

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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

objects combine data and processes. Object are the end

product of object-oriented analysis. Object is a member
of a class
Class is a collection of similar objects
Objects possess characteristics called properties
Properties inherits from the object class or possesses on
its own
In O-O design, built-in processes called methods can
change an objects properties
Object can send information to anther object by using a
message
A message requests specific behavior or information
from another object
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Methodologies in the development

of information systems
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

[1]
The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and
STUDENT objects, which have their own
properties and inherited properties.
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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

Joint Application Development and Rapid

Application Development

JAD The basic idea behind JAD is to bring structure

to the requirements determination phase of analysis
and to the reviews that occur as a part of design.
Team based fact finding
Users, Managers and Analysts work together for
several days
System requirements are reviewed
Structured meetings

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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

RAD created to radically decrease the time

needed to design and implement information
systems.
RAD relies on extensive user involvement.

Incorporate special techniques and tools:

CASE tools
JAD sessions
Fourth generation/visualization programming
languages
Code generators
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Methodologies in the development

of information systems

There are many other methods

A systems analyst should
understand the alternative
methodologies and their
individual strengths and
weaknesses.
how you will choose the
suitable method?
Selecting a methodology is not
simple, as no one
methodology is always best.
Many organizations have their
own standards.
We will discuss this topic in
more detail in the analysis
chapter

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Sequence Summary

In this Sequence we have

Discussed the various systems

development methods, tools, and
techniques
Distinguished between structured
analysis and object-oriented
methodology
Discussed how to use appropriate
system development method
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Reference
[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition
Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt ,
Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.
[2] Modern Systems Analysis and Design Third Edition
Authors: Jeffrey A. Hoffer , Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich
Publisher: prentice hall
[3] System Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition
Authors: Dennis, Wixom, & Roth
Publisher: John Wiley & sons

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