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The Path to Optical Networks

1- Morse Code Telegraph system,1837

2- Maximum speed 120 bits/s
3- Voice Communication, 1874
4- Z-12 F (12 channels)
5- Carrier, Modulation
6- Coaxial System
7- Microwave
8- Optical Fiber

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Optical History
LASER, 1960, 770-1675 nm.
Optical Fiber by Corning, 1970.
First Optical Fiber Link,1970, 6 Mbits/s, 10
Km.

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Advantages of Optical Fiber

1- Long Distance Transmission

2- Large Information Capacity
3- Small Size and Low weight
4- Immunity to Electrical Interference
5- Enhanced Safety.
6- Increased Signal Security

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Optical Spectral Bands

Wavelength
Photon Energy or Optical Power
Relationship of Speed of light with
wavelength and frequency.
Frequency
Planks Law.

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Fundamental Data
Communication Concept

Elementary Communication Link

Source
Destination
Transmitter
Transmission Channel
Encoding
Receiver
Decoding

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Digital Signal

Discrete Symbol
Binary Waveform
Bit Interval
Bit Rate Or Data Rate

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Digitization of Analogue Signals

Sampling
Quantization
Nyquist Theorem

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Channel Capcity
Shanon Capcity Formula
C=B log2 (1+S/N)

Log x = (log x)/(log 2) = (log x)/0.3

SNR = 10 log (Signal Power/ Noise
Power) = 10 log S/N
2

10

dB

10

10

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Decibel Units
Power Ratio in dB = 10 log (P2 / P1 )

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Network Information Rates

Telecom Signal multiplexing
1- Time Division Multiplexing
2- PDH

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SONET / SDH Multiplexing

Hierarchy

SONET
SDH
STS
STM-1,STM-4, STM-16, STM-64, STM256

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BW demands in communication systems

Type &
applications

Format

Uncompressed

Compressed

Voice, digital
telegraphy

4 kHz voice

64 kbps

16-32 kbps

Audio

16-24 kHz

512-748 kbps

32-384 kbps
(MPEG, MP3)

Video conferencing

176
144 or 352
288 frames @ 1030 frames/s

2-35.6 Mbps

64 kbps-1.544
Mbps (H.261
coding)

Data transfer, Ecommerce,Video

entertainment

1-10 Mbps

Full-motion
broadcast video

720480frames @
30 frames/s

249 Mbps

2-6Mbps (MPEG-2)

HDTV

1920 1080
frames@ 30
frames /s

1.6 Gbps

19-38 Mbps
(MPEG-2)

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Early application of fiber optic communication

Digital link consisting of time-division-multiplexing (TDM) of 64 kbps
voice channels (early 1980).

Optical Fiber communications, 3rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000

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SONET & SDH Standards

SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) is the network standard used in
north America & SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is used in other
parts of the world. These define a synchronous frame structure for sending
multiplexed digital traffic over fiber optic trunk lines.
The basic building block of SONET is called STS-1 (Synchronous
Transport Signal) with 51.84 Mbps data rate. Higher-rate SONET signals
are obtained by byte-interleaving N STS-1 frames, which are scramble &
converted to an Optical Carrier Level N (OC-N) signal.
The basic building block of SDH is called STM-1 (Synchronous Transport
Module) with 155.52 Mbps data rate. Higher-rate SDH signals are
achieved by synchronously multiplexing N different STM-1 to form STMN signal.

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SONET & SDH transmission rates

SONET level

Electrical level

Line rate (Mb/s)

SDH equivalent

OC-1

STS-1

51.84

OC-3

STS-3

155.52

STM-1

OC-12

STS-12

622.08

STM-4

OC-24

STS-24

1244.16

STM-8

OC-48

STS-48

2488.32

STM-16

OC-96

STS-96

4976.64

STM-32

OC-192

STS-192

9953.28

STM-64

Optical Fiber communications, 3rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000

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WDM Concept
FDM
WDM

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Key Elements of Optical Fiber System

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Fig. 1-3: Operating ranges of components

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Fig. 1-5: Major elements of an optical fiber link

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Fig. 1-6: Optical fiber cable installations

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Fig. 1-7: History of attenuation

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Fig. 1-8: Optical multiplexing

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Window and Spectral Bands

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