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What is a Microbe

Smaller than 0.1mm


Includes bugs, things, germs,

viruses, protozoan, bacteria,


animalcules, small suckers

Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
Genus species
By custom once mentioned can be

abbreviated with initial of genus


followed by specific epithet. E. coli
When two organisms share a
common genus are related.

Why study Microbiology


Microbes are related to all life.
In all environments
Many beneficial aspects
Related to life processes (food web,

nutrient cycling)
Only a minority are pathogenic.
Most of our problems are caused by
microbes

EIDs
Emerging infectious diseases
Weapons of mass destruction
New evolutionary features
Response to man encroaching on the

environment

Can you name an example?

Microbes in research
10 trillion human

cells 10x this


number microbes
Easy to grow
Biochemistry is
essentially the
same
Simple and easy
to study

Biotechnology
Use of biological systems to produce

useful items
The use of biological information to
make things or improve the human
condition

Diversity of Microbes
Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled,

colonial, many ways of nutrition


Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled
filamentous
Viruses-acellular entities
Others- worms, insects

Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan

cell walls
Binary fission
For energy, use
organic
chemicals,
inorganic
chemicals, or

Figure 1.1a

Archaea:
Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme

environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

Halobacteria
not from book

Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals

for energy
Molds and
mushrooms are
multicellular
consisting of masses
of mycelia, which are
composed of
filaments called
hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular

Fungi

Figure 1.1b

Protozoa
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest

organic chemicals
May be motile via
pseudopods, cilia,
or flagella
Most free some
parasites

Figure 1.1c

Algae
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use

photosynthesis for
energy (primary
producers)
Produce molecular
oxygen and
organic
compounds
Metabolically

Figure 1.1d

Viruses
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA

core
Core is surrounded by
a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed
in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated
only when they are in
a living host cell
Figure 1.1e

PROTOZOA

Yang tergolong dalam eukaryot:

Fungi
Algae
Protozoa

Yang membedakan
dg sel tumbuhan,
hewan, dan
manusia adalah
tidak adanya
pemisahan jaringan

Sel hewan

SEL MANUSIA

Protozoa

Means first animal


Uniseluler
Non fotosintetik
Tidak mempunyai dinding sel
Diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 fila, berdasarkan
perbedaan caranya bergerak.
Pseudopodia (kaki semu) yang akan
membantu dalam pergerakan dan ingesti
makanan

karakteristik
Ukuran 10-52 m
Ada juga yg smp 1 mm
Yg paling besar xenophyophores (20

cm)
Hanya ditemui di kepulauan
Galapagos
Dimasukkan dlm 1 grup dg
foraminifera

Empat klasifikasi
protozoa
Mastogophora (flagela)
Sarcodina (pseudopodia)
Chiliophora (Silia)
Sporozoa (pembentuk spora non

motil)

Deskripsi masing-masing group dalam


Protozoa
Klasifikasi

Deskripsi

Chiliophora

Silia, reproduksi dg tranverse


fission/konjugasi, nutrisi dg
ingesti

Mastigopoh
ora

Flagela (biasanya
berpasangan), longitudinal
fission, heterotrophic
nutrition by adsorption

Sarcodina

Pseudopodia, binary fission,


phagocytosis

Sporozoa

Tidak motil/jembatan,
beberapa stage mempunyai
flagel, multiple

1980, ada klasifikasi lagi menjadi 7

golongan, berdasarkan:
Struktur mikroskopik

Memasukkan algae dalam salah satu


kelasnya
Beberapa protozoa memberikan struktur
yang berbeda pada kondisi lingkungan
yang berbeda pula
- mempunyai kemampuan fotosintesis
- tidak mempunyai dinding sel
- kemampuan phagocytosis, dll

1993, Cavalier Smith


Predominantly unicelluler eukaryotic m.o
Pada bentuk sel vegetatif, lack of cell

wall
Pada beberapa kasus mempunyai
kloroplas di sitosol yg me> pati
Mempunyai tilakoid
Lebih banyak yang tersusun dari 3 lapis
membran daripada 2
Have minimal cell differentiation

Pseudopodia
Disebut juga kaki semu
Dibentuk karena pemanjangan dari

sitoplasma
Juga digunakan untuk mendekati
atau memasukkan makanan
laju: 2-3 cm/jam

Macam-macam:
Labopodia (endoplasm extention),

ex: Amoeba
Filamentous projection of endoplasm
(philodopia)
Filamentous projection with
branching rhizopodia
Axial rods within a cytoplasmic
envelope

Amoeba
Tidak mempunyai bentuk yang pasti
Karena tidak punya rangka struktur
Selalu bergerak sehingga sulit

diidentifikasi bentuk yang


sebenarnya
Giant Amoeba: Amoeba prosteus
(250 m)
Memakan m.o kecil seperti bakteri &
protozoa yang lain

Foraminifera
Shell-like structure
Rhizopodia
Marine sediment
Membentuk

beberapa ruang
yang disebut silia
Pembentuk fosil

Cilia & Flagella


Paling banyak dimiliki oleh Protozoa
Terdiri dari microtubules yang diatur

dalam 9+2 arah

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