Chapter 1

The Human
Organism

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy:
scientific
discipline that
investigates the
bodys structure
Physiology:
scientific
investigation of
the processes or
functions of
living things

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Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: structures seen with the
microscope
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues

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Topics of Physiology
Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology

Pathology: structural and functional changes
caused by disease
Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and
function caused by exercise

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Structural and Functional

Organizations

Chemical :
interaction of atoms
Cell : structural and
functional unit of
living organisms
Tissue: group of
similar cells and the
materials
surrounding them

Organ- one or more tissues functioning

together
Organ System- group of organs
functioning together
Organism - any living thing

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Eleven Organ Systems of

RUN MRS. LIDEC (mnemonic device)
the Body
1.Respiratory breathing, O2, CO2 exchange
2.Urinary removes waste
3.Nervous regulatory, electrical impulses
4.Muscular movement
5.Reproductive continues the species
6.Skeletal support/protection
7.Lymphatic immune/disease protection
8.Integumentary protection
9.Digestive mechanical/chemical processing, nutrients
10.Endocrine regulatory, hormones
11.Cardiovascular transport nutrients, wastes,
hormones

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps us to

understand their function. Which of the following is an
accurate example of that principle?
A. The basic structural unit of the body is the cell.
B. The internal environment of the body is maintained in a relatively stable
condition.
C. Moveable joints allow us to bend our fingers to perform many different
actions.
D. Each tissue type is composed of cells that have a similar structure and
function.
E. Negative feedback is not homeostatic.

C. Moveable joints allow us to bend our

fingers to perform many different actions.

Which of the following

systems carries necessary
compounds like oxygen and
nutrients throughout the
body?
A. nervous
B. cardiovascular
C. urinary
D. lymphatic
E. respiratory
B. cardiovascular

The integumentary system

A. regulates body temperature.
B. breaks down food into small
particles for absorption.
C. controls intellectual
functions.
D. produces body movements.
E. coordinates and integrates
body function.

A. regulates body temperature.

Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: condition in which there are
specific relationships and functions
2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and
adjust
4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
5. Development: changes in an organism over
time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs

6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

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1.5 Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?

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Feedback Systems
Two types: negative and positive
Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some
variable
Control center: establishes the set point
Effector: can change the value of the
variable
Stimulus: deviation from the set point;
detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback

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Example of Negative
Feedback

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Changes in B.P. During

Exercise

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Positive Feedback
When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the
deviation greater
Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from
homeostasis and can result in death
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood
pressure drops and the hearts ability to pump blood decreases

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Please study the following slides to prepare you for lab.

However, comprehensive recall of anatomical terms will
be presented on your review quiz and lecture exam.

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Terminology and Body

Plan
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet
together, palms face forward

Other Body Positions

Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward

Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs.
Inferior (Caudal) toward or
away from the head
Medial vs. Lateral relative
to the midline
Proximal vs. Distal used to
describe linear structures
Superficial vs. Deep relative
to the surface of the body
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Terminology and Body Plan

(cont.)
Directional Terms
(cont.)
Anterior (Ventral)
vs. Posterior
(Dorsal). Anterior is
forward; posterior
is toward the back.
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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Planes
Median (through the
midline) and Sagittal
(same plane, but to the
left or right of median
Frontal or Coronal
divides body into
anterior and posterior
sections
Transverse / Cross
divides body into
superior and inferior
sections
Oblique: Other than at
a right angle

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Planes Through an Organ

Longitudinal: cut
along the length of
an organ
Transverse/Cross:
cut at right angle to
length of the organ
Oblique: cut at
any but a right
angle
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Body Cavities
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Mediastinum: contains all structures of
the thoracic cavity except the lungs

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Serous Membranes

Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity

Fist represents an organ
Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating
serous fluid that is produced by the membranes
Inflammation of the serous membranes

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Serous Membranes: Named

for Their Specific Cavities and
Organs
Pericardiu
m refers
to heart.

Pleura
refers to
lungs and
thoracic
cavity

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Peritoneum refers to
abdominopelvic cavity