Common Mistakes

Please please please: Do not use pencil at Tests and Final Exam

Specific gravity = Kg/mm, gm/cc

CBR = 27 blow, hammer 50 lb

1 micron = 1000 mm
Micron =1 million in micron, one millionth of a meter:
PG76-76= 76, -16
Subbase = soil, aggregate
Camber

Plastic Road-India - Premix

1. What is camber in road design?

Ans: Camber is the transverse slope provided to the road surface for the drainage purpose, i.e. to
curve upward in the middle of the road. Can present by simple hand sketch.
1.2 What do you mean by PG 76-76?
Ans: 7 days maximum average pavement temperature 760C, and minimum -760C
1.3 What is micron?
Ans: 1m/106
1.4 1 (one) inch, how many microns?
Ans: 25,400
1.5 Is viscosity increases with increase of temperature?
Ans: No

1.6 Mention all the grading system for bitumen.

Ans: i. Penetration grading ii. Viscisity grading, iii. AR (asphalt residue) grading, iv. PG (performance
grading)
1.7 Among the three types of bitumen (PEN 80-100, PEN 60-70 & PG 76), which one is the softest and which
one is the highest viscosity?
Ans: i. PEN 80-100
ii. PG 76
1.8 Name four (4) types of asphalt premix used in Malaysia.
Ans: ACW 14, ACB 28, DBM, CRL, WMA, Cold Mix.

1.9 Spell out the following acronyms as used in highway engineering?

i.

ASTM = American society for testing materials

ii. BS= British standards

iii. EN = European norms/standards
iv. ACI = American concrete institute

2.0

i. Brown Penetration test, 100gm, 250C, 5sec, dmm, Need more explanation
ii. Brookfield Viscosity test, cP, poise. Need more explanation
iii. Softening point, 0C,Need more explanation
iv. British Pendulum to determine skid resistance of road surface
v. Marshall sample of asphaltic coring & Coring sample for asphaltic concrete
3.1
Aggregate gradations of mixture A, B, C and D
A = Dense graded
B = Open graded
C = Gap graded
D = Uniformly graded

2.5 mm penetration with a force of 5 kN:

CBR at 2.5mm penetration: %
5.0 mm penetration with a force of 6 kN:
CBR at 5 m penetration: %

Tests

Units

Penetration

dmm (deci-millimeter)

Viscosity

cP (centipoise), poise

Softening point

Ductility

cm (centimeter)

CBR

% (percentage)

Specific gravity

Flash and Fire point

Flakiness index

Penetration

dmm (deci-millimeter)

Viscosity

cP (centipoise), poise

C (degree centigrade)

C (degree centigrade)

Factors

Compaction

CBR
Strength of
Materials

Aim
Proctor / Modified
Proctor (OMC, MDD)

No. of blow per layer 25

62

Total No. of layer

Weight of hammer

5
10lb

3/5
5.5lb / 10lb

Road layers

Wearing course

Binder course

Function

Smooth riding
surface, ..

Material used

Material test

ACW
Coring, Marshall properties
10, 14 mm crushed
etc.
Aggregate, bitumen etc

20, 28 mm crushed
Coring, Marshall properties,
To
bear Aggregate, bitumen. etc
load/spread load, etc
..

Road base

Crushed
aggregate, LAAV, TFV, WA, ACV, AIV,
To
bear WMM, . etc
FI, Sieve analysis, etc
load/spread load,
.

Subbase

Drainage
layer, Sand/Quarry dust, etc Proctor test (OMC, MDD),
working platform
sieve analysis., etc
for machineries.
10

Aggregates Gradation
Maximum size. The smallest sieve through which 100 percent
of the aggregate sample particles pass. Superpave defines the
maximum aggregate size as one sieve larger than the nominal
maximum size (Roberts et al., 1996 ).
[1]

Nominal maximum size. The largest sieve that retains some

of the aggregate particles but generally not more than 10
percent by weight. Superpave defines nominal maximum
aggregate size as one sieve size larger than the first sieve to
retain more than 10 percent of the material (Roberts et al., 1996 ).
[1]

Thus, it is important to specify whether maximum size or

nominal maximum size is being referenced.

Aggregate gradation for different stockpiles

Sieve
Stockpile Stockpile Stockpile Stockpile Gradation
size, mm
A
B
C
D
limits
SG =2.561 SG =2.601 SG =2.659 SG =2.789
AC 14

20mm

14mm

10mm

0.425mm

Calculated
grading

20

100

100

100

100

100

100

14

91

100

100

100

90-100

98.65

10

45

75

100

100

76-86

84.05

25

50

95

100

50-62

70.9*

3.35

30

70

100

40-54

49.76

1.18

15

50

100

18-34

34.72*

0.425

10

20

100

12-24

18.0

0.150

10

99

6-14

10.575

0.075

88

4-8

5.961

Nominal Size: nominal maximum aggregate size as one sieve size larger than the first
sieve to retain more than 10 percent of the material
12

Aggregate gradation for different stockpiles

Sieve
size,
mm

Stockpile Stockpile Stockpile Stockpile Gradatio

A
B
C
D
n limits
SG
SG
SG
SG
AC 14
=2.561
=2.601
=2.659
=2.789

Calculated
grading

20

100

100

100

100

100

100

14

91

100

100

100

90-100

98.65

10

45

75

100

100

76-86

84.05

25

50

95

100

50-62

70.9*

3.35

30

70

100

40-54

49.76

1.18

15

50

100

18-34

34.72*

0.425

10

20

100

12-24

18.0

0.150

10

99

6-14

10.575

0.075

88

4-8

5.961
13

From equation 1 & 2, c= 0.491, d = 0.051

Putting the value of c & d in equation 3, b = 0.308
So, a = 1- (0.491+0.051++0.308) = 0.15
Results show, 5mm, 1.18 mm is out of range with some explanation

14