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IMPAIRMENTS
TLSE 457-Section 1
Summer 2004
impairments as diseases or
disorders that are related to the
bones, joints, and/or muscles.
An orthopedic impairment is
covered under IDEA if it
adversely affects educational
performance.
and
Spina Bifida.
Prevalence/Incidence Rates
It affects 1 in every 400 births.
It is estimated that 500,000 people in the
histories.
Test the infants reflexes and early
development of hand preference.
Look for signs of slow development,
abnormal muscle tone, and unusual
posture.
the muscles.
There are 43 types of muscular dystrophy, most
of which are caused by alterations in specific
genes.
The most common type is Duchenne muscular
dystrophy, and it only affects boys.
It is a genetic disease passed from mother to son
or it can arise in a young boy due to a
spontaneous genetic mutation.
Prevalence/Incidence Rates
In the United States, it is
Prevalence/Incidence Rates
In the United States, there are approximately
factors:
Lack of folate/folic acid in the mother during
pregnancy; and
Heredity.
Prevalence/Incidence Rates
affected.
There are many thousands of people
currently affected.
Muscle weakness
Paralysis
Incontinence
Poor short term memory
Easily distracted
Poor attention, organization, sequencing, time,
generalization, motivation, left-right
discrimination, and coordination.
Standing table
Easels
Powerpads
Eye-controlled input
systems (cyberlink)
Touch screens
Track ball
Foot mice
*A website that includes several
examples is located here
desks
Portable reading racks
Speech-controlled input
systems (dragon-dictate
and write-away)
Icon-driven
communication (dynavox)
References
Bigge, J.L., & ODonnell, P.A. (1976). Teaching individuals with physical and multiple disabilities. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill
Publishing Company.
Calhoun, M.L., & Hawisher, M. (1979). Teaching and learning strategies for physically handicapped students. Baltimore: University
Park Press.
Friend, M. & Bursuck, W.D. (2002). Including students with special needs: A practical guide for classroom teachers. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
The Irish Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus (2004). What is spina bifida? Retrieved May 24, 2004 from
http://www.iasbah.ie.
Muscular Dystrophy Family Foundation (2002). Muscular dystrophy family foundation. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from
http://www.mdusa.org.
National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (2004). National dissemination center for children with
disabilities. Retrieved May 25, 2004 from http://www.nichcy.org.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2001). Spinal cord injury information page. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from
http://www.ninds.nih.gov.
Ohlone College (2004). Students with physical disabilities. Retrieved May 25, 2004 from http://www.ohlone.cc.ca.us/org.
Texas Pediatric Surgical Associates (n.d.). Spina bifida neurological issues. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.pedisurg.com.
United Cerebral Palsy (2001). Cerebral palsy facts and figures. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.upc.org.
West Virginia University (1999). Strategies for teaching students with motor/orthopedic impairments. Retrieved May 25, 2004 from
http://www.as.wvu.edu.