Some common probability

distributions

Random Experiments
An experiment whose outcome or result can be
predicted with certainty is called a deterministic
experiment.
Although all possible outcomes of an experiment may
be known in advance, the outcome of a particular
performance of the experiment cannot be predicted
owing to a number of unknown causes. Such an
experiment is called a random experiment.
A random experiment is an experiment that can be
repeated over and over, giving different results.
e.g A fair 6-faced cubic die, the no. of telephone calls
received in a board in a 5-min. interval.

Probability theory is a study of random or

unpredictable experiments and is helpful
in investigating the important features of these random
experiments.

 For discrete math, we focus on the discrete

version of probabilities.
For each random experiment, there is assumed
to be a finite set of discrete possible results,
called outcomes. Each time the experiment is
run, one outcome occurs. The set of all
possible outcomes is called the sample space.

Example.
If the experiment consists of flipping two
coins, then the sample space is:
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}

Example.
If the experiment consists of tossing two
dice, then the sample space is:
S = {(i, j) | i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
element or a member or sample point
an event may be a subset that includes the entire
sample space S, or a subset of S called the null
set.
B = {x/ x is an even factor of 7}

More Probability Definitions

A subset (say E) of the sample space is called an
event. In other words, events are sets of
outcomes.
( If the outcome of the experiment is contained
then we say E has occurred.)

in E,

For each event, we assign a number between 0

and 1, which is the probability that the event occurs.

Example.
If the experiment consists of flipping two
coins, and E is the event that a head
appears on the first coin, then E is:
E = {(H, H), (H, T)}

Example.
If the experiment consists of tossing two
dice, and E is the event that the sum of the
two dice equals 7, then E is:
E={(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2),(6,1)}

Union:

EF

Intersection:E F

also denoted as EF

(If E F = , then E and F are said to be mutual

exclusive.)

Definition:
A random variable (RV) is a function X : S R
that assigns a real number X(s) to every element
s S,where S is the sample space corresponding to
a random experiment E.
Discrete Random Variable
If X is a random variable (RV) which can take a finite
number or countably infinite number of values, X is
called a discrete RV.
Eg. 1. The number shown when a die is thrown
2. The number of alpha particles emitted by a
radioactive source are discrete RVs.

Example
Suppose that we toss two coins and consider the sample
Space associated with this experiment. Then
S={HH,HT,TH,TT}.
Define the random variable X as follows:
X is the number of heads obtained in the two tosses.
Hence X(HH) = 2, X(HT) = 1 = X(TH) & X(TT) = 0.
Note that to every s in S there corresponds exactly
one value X(s). Different values of s may lead to
the same value of S.
Eg. X(HT) = X(TH)

Probability Function
If X is a discrete RV which can take the values

x1 , x 2 , x 3 ,....

such that

P(X x i ) p i , then p i is called the probability

function or probability mass function or point
probability function, provided p i (i 1,2,3,...)
satisfy the following conditions:

(i)p i 0, i,&
(ii) p i 1
i

Example of a Discrete PDF

Suppose that 10% of all households have
no children, 30% have one child, 40%
have two children, and 20% have three
children.
Select a household at random and let X =
number of children.
What is the pmf of X?

Example of a Discrete PDF

We may list each value.
P(X = 0) = 0.10
P(X = 1) = 0.30
P(X = 2) = 0.40
P(X = 3) = 0.20

Example of a Discrete PDF

Or we may present it as a chart.
x
0
1
2
3

P(X = x)
0.10
0.30
0.40
0.20

Example of a Discrete PDF

Or we may present it as a stick graph.
P(X = x)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
x
0

Example of a Discrete PDF

Or we may present it as a histogram.
P(X = x)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
x
0

Example
The pmf. of a random variable X is given by
c
p(i)
i 0,1,2,....., where is some positive
i!
value. Find (i) P(X 0)(ii)P(X 2)
i

Solution.

Since p(i) 1, we have c 1

i 0
i 0 i!

As e , we have ce 1.
i 0 i!

- 0

Hence P(X 0)
e
0!

P ( X 2) 1 P ( X 2)

1 e

2
2

The collection of pairs {x i , p i }, i 1,2,3,...., is called

the probability distribution of the RV X, which is
sometimes displayed in the form of a table as given below :
X xi

P(X x i )

x1

pi

x2

p2

.
.
.
xr

.
.
.
pr

.
.

If X represents the total number of heads obtained,

when a fair coin is tossed 5 times, find the
probability distribution of X.

X :0

1 5 10 10 5 1
P:
32 32 32 32 32 32

Continuous Random Variable

If X is an RV which can take all values (i.e., infinite
number of values ) in an interval, then X is called
a continuous RV.

0, x 0,

X( x ) x ,0 x 1,
1, x 1

Probability Density Function

If X is a continuous RV,then f is said to be the
probability density function (pdf) of X , if it satisfies the
following conditions:

(i)f ( x ) 0, x R x , and (ii) f ( x )dx 1

(iii) For any a, b with - a b ,

b

P(a X b) f ( x )dx
a

When X is a continuous RV
a

P(X a ) P(a X a ) f ( x )dx 0

a

This means that it is almost impossible that a continuous

RV assumes a specific value.

Hence P(a X b) P(a X b) P(a X b)

Probability Density Function

0 if x 0
f X ( x) 1 x /
if 0 x
e

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

f X (x )

-3

6
x

12

15

Example
Check whether the function f(x) 4x ,0 x 1
is a probability density function or not.
3

Solution. Clearly f(x) 0x [0,1].

1

Also f ( x )dx 4 x dx 1.
3

A random variable X has the density function

1/ 4 - 2 x 2
f(x)
0 elsewhere
Obtain (i) P(X 1)(ii)P( X 1)(iii)P(2X 3 5)
(,1/2,1/4)

Cumulative Distribution Function (cdf)

If X is an RV, discrete or continuous , then P(X<=x)
is called the cumulative distribution function of X
or distribution function of X and denoted as F(x).

If X is discrete , F(x)

j
X j x

If X is continuous, F(x) P(- X x) f(x)dx

-

Probability Density Function

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

f X (x )

-3

0 if x 0
f X ( x) 1 x /
if 0 x
e

6
x

12

15

Cumulative Distribution Function

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

F X (x )

-3

0 if x 0
FX ( x)
x /
1 e if 0 x

6
x

12

15

Probbility Density Function

0.0016
0.0012
f X (x ) 0.0008
0.0004
0.0000
-100 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

x

0 if x 0
1
f X ( x)
if 0 x u
u
0 if u x

Cumulative Distribution Function

F X (x )

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-100 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

x0
x

0 if
x
FX ( x)
if 0 x u
u
1 if u x

If the probability density of a random variable is

K(1 - x 2 ),0 x 1

given by f(x)

0 otherwise
Find (i) K, (ii) the cumulative distribution function of
the random variable.

3 / 2[ x x 3 / 3] 0 x 1
0

otherwise

Properties of the cdf F(x)

1.F(x) is a non - decreasing function of x, i.e. , if x1 x 2 ,

then F(x1 ) F(x 2 ) .

2.F() 0 & F() 1.

3. If X is a discrete RV taking values x1 , x 2 ,...., where
x1 x 2 x 3 .... x i 1 x i ....., then P(X x i ) F( x i ) F( x i 1 ).

d
4.If X is a continuous RV, then
F( x ) f ( x ), at all
dx
points where F(x) is differentiable.

Definitions
If X is a discrete RV, then the expected value or
the mean value of g(X) is defined as
E{g(X)} g(x i )p i , where p i P(X x i )
i

the probability mass function of X.

If X is a continuous RV with pdf f(x), then

E{g(X)} g(x)f(x)dx
Rx

Two expected values which are most commonly

used for characterising a RV X are its mean x & var iance 2x

x E (X) x i p i , if X is discrete
i

xf(x)dx, if X is continuous
Rx

Var ( x ) E (X x )
2
x

( x i x ) p i , if X is discrete
2

(x - x ) f ( x )dx , if X is continuous
2

Rx

The square root of variance is called the standard

deviation.

Example
Find the expected value of the number on a die when
thrown.(7/2)

Var (X) E (X ) {E (X)}

2

Var (X) E{( X x ) } E{X 2 x X x }

2

E (X ) 2 x E(X) x (sin ce x is a constant)

2

E (X ) x (sin ce x E(X))
2

Var (X) E (X ) {E (X)}

2

Example
A random variable X has the following probability distribution
x : - 2 -1 0
1 2 3
p(x) : 0.1 K 0.2 2K 0.3 3K
(a) Find K, (b) Evaluate P(X 2) and P(-2 X 2), (c) find the cdf of
X and (d) evaluate the mean of X.

Example
A continuous random variable has the probability
kxe -x x 0, 0

density function defined by f(x)

0otherwise
Deter min e the cons tan t k and find mean and variance.

(k ,2 / ,6 / )
2

Moments
r
E
(
X
) is called rth
If X is the discrete or continuous RV,
order raw moment of X about the origin and denoted
by 'r .

x r f ( x ) if X is discrete

r ' E(X )

x f ( x )dx if X is continuous

Since the first and second moments about the origin are
given by 11 E (X) & 12 E (X 2 ),
mean first moment about the origin

Var(X) E (X)
1
2

1
2

1 2
1

E{( X x ) n is called the nth order central moment

of X and denoted by n .
n

E{ X } & E{ X x } are called absolute moments of X.

n

E{( X a ) } & E{ X a } are called generalised moments of X.

n

1 E (X E (X)) E (X) E (X) 0

2 E (X E(X)) Var (X)
2

Binomial Distribution
The Bernoulli probability mass function is the density
function of a discrete variable X having 0 and 1 as
the only possible values
The pmf of X is given by P(0) = P{X = 0} = 1-p
P(1) = P{X = 1} = p
where p, 0<=p<=1 is the probability that the trial is a
success.

A random variable X is said to be Bernoulli random variable

if pmf satisfies above equation for some p (0,1).

Assuming that p remains the same for all repetitions,

if we consider n independent repetitions (or trials) of
E and if the random variable X denotes the
number of times the event A has occurred, then
X is called a binomial random variable with
parameters n and p

Definition
A binomial experiment is a probability experiment that
satisfies the following conditions:
1. The experiment is repeated for a fixed number of trials,
where each trial is independent of the other trials.
2. There are only two possible outcomes of interest for
each trial. The outcomes can be classified as a success
(S) or as a failure (F).
3. The probability of a success, P(S), is the same for each
trial.
4. The random variable, x, counts the number of
successful trials.

Notation for Binomial Experiments

Symbol

Description

The number of times a trial is repeated.

p = P(S)

The probability of success in a single

trial.

q = P(F)

The probability of failure in a single trial

(q = 1 p)

The random variable represents a

count of the number of successes in n
trials: x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . n.

Ex. 1: Binomial Experiments

Decide whether the experiment is a
binomial experiment. If it is, specify the
values of n, p and q and list the possible
values of the random variable, x. If it is
not, explain why.
1. A certain surgical procedure has an 85%
chance of success. A doctor performs the
procedure on eight patients. The random
variable represents the number of
successful surgeries.

Ex. 1: Binomial Experiments

Solution: the experiment is a binomial experiment
because it satisfies the four conditions of a
binomial experiment. In the experiment, each
surgery represents one trial. There are eight
surgeries, and each surgery is independent of
the others. Also, there are only two possible
outcomes for each surgeryeither the surgery is
a success or it is a failure. Finally, the
probability of success for each surgery is 0.85.
n=8
p = 0.85
q = 1 0.85 = 0.15
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Ex. 1: Binomial Experiments

Decide whether the experiment is a
binomial experiment. If it is, specify the
values of n, p and q and list the possible
values of the random variable, x. If it is
not, explain why.
2. A jar contains five red marbles, nine blue
marbles and six green marbles. You
randomly select three marbles from the
jar, without replacement. The random
variable represents the number of red
marbles.

Ex. 1: Binomial Experiments

Solution: The experiment is not a binomial
experiment because it does not satisfy all
four conditions of a binomial experiment.
In the experiment, each marble selection
represents one trial and selecting a red
marble is a success. When selecting the
first marble, the probability of success is
5/20. However because the marble is not
replaced, the probability is no longer 5/20.
So the trials are not independent, and the
probability of a success is not the same for
each trial.

Binomial Probabilities
There are several ways to find the probability of x
successes in n trials of a binomial experiment. One way
is to use the binomial probability formula.
Binomial Probability Formula
In a binomial experiment, the probability of exactly x
successes in n trials is:

x nx

P( x ) C x p q
n

n!
x nx

p q
(n x )!x!

Ex. 7: Constructing and Graphing a

Binomial Distribution

65% of households subscribe to cable TV. You randomly select six

households and ask each if they subscribe to cable TV. Construct a
probability distribution for the random variable, x. Then graph the
distribution.

P (0) 6 C0 (0.65) 0 (0.35) 6 0 0.002

P (1) 6 C1 (0.65)1 (0.35) 6 1 0.020
P ( 2) 6 C 2 (0.65) 2 (0.35) 6 2 0.095
P (3) 6 C3 (0.65) 3 (0.35) 6 3 0.235
P ( 4) 6 C 4 (0.65) 4 (0.35) 6 4 0.328
P (5) 6 C5 (0.65) 5 (0.35) 6 5 0.244
P (6) 6 C6 (0.65) 6 (0.35) 6 6 0.075

Ex. 7: Constructing and Graphing a

Binomial Distribution

65% of households subscribe to cable TV. You randomly select six

households and ask each if they subscribe to cable TV. Construct a
probability distribution for the random variable, x. Then graph the
distribution.

x
P(x)

0.002

0.020

0.095

0.235

0.328

0.244

0.075

Because each probability is a relative frequency,

you can graph the probability using a relative
frequency histogram as shown on the next slide.

Ex. 7: Constructing and Graphing a

Binomial Distribution
Then graph the distribution.
x
P(x)

0.002

0.020

0.095

0.235

0.328

0.244

0.075

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

NOTE: that the

histogram is
skewed left. The
graph of a binomial
distribution with p >
.05 is skewed left,
while the graph of a
binomial
distribution with p <
.05 is skewed right.
The graph of a
binomial
distribution with p =
.05 is symmetric.

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Households

Example
It is known that car produced by an automobile company
will be defective with probability 0.01 independently of
each other. The company sells the cars in packages of
10 and offers a money-back guarantee that atmost 1 of
the10 cars is defective. What proportion of packages
sold must the company replace?

P(X 1) 1 {P(X 1)} 1 {P(X 0) P(X 1)

1 { C 0 (.01) (.99) ( C1 (.01)(.99) } .004
10

10

10

mean E (X ) x C x p (1 p)
n

x 0

nx

x C x p (1 p)

Second

variance = npq

nx

x 1

np
1
moment 2

E(X ) x
x 0

2n

C x p (1 p)

nx

Example
For a binomial distribution with mean 6, standard deviation
2 , find the first two terms of the distribution.

((1 / 3) ,2 / 2187)
The mean and variance of binomial distribution
are 4 and 3 respectively. Find P(X 1).

(1 (3 / 4) ) .9899
16

Discrete Distributions
Binomial Distribution

P(X r ) C r p q
n

n r

; r 0,1,2,..., n

If we assume that n trials constitute a set and if we

consider N sets, the frequency function of the
binomial distribution is given by f(r)=N p(r)

N Cr p q
n

n r

Properties of a
Normal Distribution
Continuous Random Variable
Symmetrical in shape (Bell shaped)
The probability of any given range of
numbers is represented by the area under
the curve for that range.
Probabilities for all normal distributions are
determined using the Standard Normal
Distribution.

Probability for a
Continuous Random Variable

Probability Density Function for

Normal Distribution

1
1 (
)
2
f (x )
e

x , , 0

N(, )

7
1
1
(
)
f (x)
e 2
4
32

x , , 0

N(7,4)

f ( x )dx 1

Standard Normal Distribution

N(0,1)

1
(z)
e
2

z2

, z .

0, 1 & by changing x and f respectively

into z and .

X -
If X has distribution N(, ) and if Z
,

then Z has distribution N(0,1)

z

values of (z), (z)dz are tabulated.

0

0.00

0.0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0000 0.0040

0.0080

0.0120

0.0160

0.0190

0.0239

0.0279

0.0319

0.0359

0.1

0.0398 0.0438

0.0478

0.0517

0.0557

0.0596

0.0636

0.0675

0.0714

0.0753

0.2

0.0793 0.0832

0.0871

0.0910

0.0948

0.0987

0.1026

0.1064

0.1103

0.1141

0.3

0.1179 0.1217

0.1255

0.1293

0.1331

0.1368

0.1406

0.1443

0.1480

0.1517

0.4

0.1554 0.1591

0.1628

0.1664

0.1700

0.1736

0.1772

0.1808

0.1844

0.1879

0.5

0.1915 0.1950

0.1985

0.2019

0.2054

0.2088

0.2123

0.2157

0.2190

0.2224

0.6

0.2257 0.2291

0.2324

0.2357

0.2389

0.2422

0.2454

0.2486

0.2517

0.2549

0.7

0.2580 0.2611

0.2642

0.2673

0.2704

0.2734

0.2764

0.2794

0.2823

0.2852

0.8

0.2881

0.2910

0.2939

0.2969

0.2995

0.3023

0.3051

0.3078

0.3106

0.3133

0.9

0.3159

0.3186

0.3212

0.3238

0.3264

0.3289

0.3315

0.3340

0.3365

0.3389

1.0

0.3413

0.3438

0.3461

0.3485

0.3508

0.3513

0.3554

0.3577

0.3529

0.3621

1.1

0.3643

0.3665

0.3686

0.3708

0.3729

0.3749

0.3770

0.3790

0.3810

0.3830

1.2

0.3849

0.3869

0.3888

0.3907

0.3925

0.3944

0.3962

0.3980

0.3997

0.4015

1.3

0.4032

0.4049

0.4066

0.4082

0.4099

0.4115

0.4131

0.4147

0.4162

0.4177

1.4

0.4192

0.4207

0.4222

0.4236

0.4251

0.4265

0.4279

0.4292

0.4306

0.4319

1.5

0.4332

0.4345

0.4357

0.4370

0.4382

0.4394

0.4406

0.4418

0.4429

0.4441

1.6

0.4452

0.4463

0.4474

0.4484

0.4495

0.4505

0.4515

0.4525

0.4535

0.4545

1.7

0.4554

0.4564

0.4573

0.4582

0.4591

0.4599

0.4608

0.4616

0.4625

0.4633

1.8

0.4641

0.4649

0.4656

0.4664

0.4671

0.4678

0.4686

0.4693

0.4699

0.4706

1.9

0.4713

0.4719

0.4726

0.4732

0.4738

0.4744

0.4750

0.4756

0.4761

0.4767

2.0

0.4772

0.4778

0.4783

0.4788

0.4793

0.4798

0.4803

0.4808

0.4812

0.4817

2.1

0.4821

0.4826

0.4830

0.4834

0.4838

0.4842

0.4846

0.4850

0.4854

0.4857

2.2

0.4861

0.4864

0.4868

0.4871

0.4875

0.4878

0.4881

0.4884

0.4887

0.4890

2.3

0.4893

0.4896

0.4898

0.4901

0.4904

0.4906

0.4909

0.4911

0.4913

0.4916

2.4

0.4918

0.4920

0.4922

0.4925

0.4927

0.4929

0.4931

0.4932

0.4934

0.4936

2.5

0.4938

0.4940

0.4941

0.4943

0.4945

0.4946

0.4948

0.4949

0.4951

0.4952

2.6

0.4953

0.4955

0.4956

0.4957

0.4959

0.4960

0.4961

0.4962

0.4963

0.4964

2.7

0.4965

0.4966

0.4967

0.4968

0.4969

0.4970

0.4971

0.4972

0.4973

0.4974

2.8

0.4974

0.4975

0.4976

0.4977

0.4977

0.4978

0.4979

0.4979

0.4980

0.4981

2.9

0.4981

0.4982

0.4982

0.4983

0.4984

0.4984

0.4985

0.4985

0.4986

0.4986

3.0

0.4987

0.4987

0.4987

0.4988

0.4988

0.4989

0.4989

0.4989

0.4990

0.4990

3.1

0.4990

0.4991

0.4991

0.4991

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4993

0.4993

3.2

0.4993

0.4993

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

3.3

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4997

3.4

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4998

X N(, )

E (X ) xf ( x )dx

similarly, var iance

Determining the Probability for a

Standard Normal Random Variable
P(- Z 1.62) = .5 + .4474 = .9474
P(Z > 1.62) = 1 - P(- Z 1.62) =
1 - .9474 = .0526

Determining the probability of any Normal Random

Variable

Interpreting Z
In figure Z = -0.8 means that the value 360
is .8 standard deviations below the mean.
A positive value of Z designates how may
standard deviations () X is to the right of the
mean ().
A negative value of Z designates how may
standard deviations () X is to the left of the
mean ().

Example: A group of achievement scores are

normally distributed with a mean of 76 and a
standard deviation of 4. If one score is randomly
selected what is the probability that it is at least 80.
4

76

80

x 80 76
Z

4
P( x 80) P(z 1) .5 P(0 z 1)
.5 .3413 .1587

76

80

x u 80 76
Z

4
P ( x 80) P ( z 1) .5 P (0 z 1)

.3413

.5 .3413 .1587

.1587
1

Continuing, what is the probability that it is less than 70.

70

76

xu

70 76
Z

1.5

4
P ( x 70) P ( z 1.5) .5 P ( 1.5 z 0.0)

.4332

.5 .4332 .0668

.0668
-1.5

-1.5

.4878

.4332

What proportion of the scores occur within 70 and 85.

2.25

xu

70 76
Z

1.5

4
x u 85 76
Z

2.25

4
P (70 x 85) P ( 1.5 z 2.25)
P ( 1.5 z 0.0) P (0.0 z 2.25)
.4332 .4878 .9210

Time required to finish an exam is known to be normally

distributed with a mean of 60 Min. and a Std Dev. of 12
minutes. How much time should be allowed in order for
90% of the students to finish?

12

.9

x
z

z x
z x
1.28(12) 60 x
x 75.36

60

An automated machine that files sugar sacks has an adjusting device to

change the mean fill per sack. It is now being operated at a setting that
results in a mean fill of 81.5 oz. If only 1% of the Sacks filled at this
setting contain less than 80.0 oz, what is the value of the variance for this
population of fill weights. (Assume Normality).

.01
-2.33

81.5
Z

x 80 PROB .01

xu

2.33

80.0 81.5

(80.0 81.5)
.6437
2.33
.4144

When n is very large and neither p nor q is very small

XB(n,p)

s tan dard binomial variable Z is given by

X - np
Z
npq
as X varies from 0 to n with step size 1, Z varies
- np
np
1
from
to
with step size
.
npq
npq
npq

1 z2 / 2
P( z ) F ( z )
e
dz , z
2
Let X be the number of times that a fair coin, flipped 40
times, land heads. Find P(X=20). Use normal
approximation and compare it to the exact solution.
P(X=20)=P(19.5<X<20.5)

19.5 20 X 20 20.5 20
P

10
10
10

(.16) (.16) .1272

If 20% of the momory chips made in a certain plant

are defective, what are the probabilities that in a
lot of 100 randomly chosen for inspection
(a) at most 15 will be defective?
(b) exactly 15 will be defective ?

100(.20) 20, 4

Fit a normal distribution to the following distribution

and hence find the theoretical frequencies:
Class
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
90-95
95-100

Freq
3
21
150
335
336
135
26
4
------------1000

Fit a normal distribution to the following distribution

and hence find the theoretical frequencies:
x: 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 Total
f: 1 1 14 22 25 19 13 3
2 1000

0.00

0.0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0000 0.0040

0.0080

0.0120

0.0160

0.0190

0.0239

0.0279

0.0319

0.0359

0.1

0.0398 0.0438

0.0478

0.0517

0.0557

0.0596

0.0636

0.0675

0.0714

0.0753

0.2

0.0793 0.0832

0.0871

0.0910

0.0948

0.0987

0.1026

0.1064

0.1103

0.1141

0.3

0.1179 0.1217

0.1255

0.1293

0.1331

0.1368

0.1406

0.1443

0.1480

0.1517

0.4

0.1554 0.1591

0.1628

0.1664

0.1700

0.1736

0.1772

0.1808

0.1844

0.1879

0.5

0.1915 0.1950

0.1985

0.2019

0.2054

0.2088

0.2123

0.2157

0.2190

0.2224

0.6

0.2257 0.2291

0.2324

0.2357

0.2389

0.2422

0.2454

0.2486

0.2517

0.2549

0.7

0.2580 0.2611

0.2642

0.2673

0.2704

0.2734

0.2764

0.2794

0.2823

0.2852

0.8

0.2881

0.2910

0.2939

0.2969

0.2995

0.3023

0.3051

0.3078

0.3106

0.3133

0.9

0.3159

0.3186

0.3212

0.3238

0.3264

0.3289

0.3315

0.3340

0.3365

0.3389

1.0

0.3413

0.3438

0.3461

0.3485

0.3508

0.3513

0.3554

0.3577

0.3529

0.3621

1.1

0.3643

0.3665

0.3686

0.3708

0.3729

0.3749

0.3770

0.3790

0.3810

0.3830

1.2

0.3849

0.3869

0.3888

0.3907

0.3925

0.3944

0.3962

0.3980

0.3997

0.4015

1.3

0.4032

0.4049

0.4066

0.4082

0.4099

0.4115

0.4131

0.4147

0.4162

0.4177

1.4

0.4192

0.4207

0.4222

0.4236

0.4251

0.4265

0.4279

0.4292

0.4306

0.4319

1.5

0.4332

0.4345

0.4357

0.4370

0.4382

0.4394

0.4406

0.4418

0.4429

0.4441

1.6

0.4452

0.4463

0.4474

0.4484

0.4495

0.4505

0.4515

0.4525

0.4535

0.4545

1.7

0.4554

0.4564

0.4573

0.4582

0.4591

0.4599

0.4608

0.4616

0.4625

0.4633

1.8

0.4641

0.4649

0.4656

0.4664

0.4671

0.4678

0.4686

0.4693

0.4699

0.4706

1.9

0.4713

0.4719

0.4726

0.4732

0.4738

0.4744

0.4750

0.4756

0.4761

0.4767

2.0

0.4772

0.4778

0.4783

0.4788

0.4793

0.4798

0.4803

0.4808

0.4812

0.4817

2.1

0.4821

0.4826

0.4830

0.4834

0.4838

0.4842

0.4846

0.4850

0.4854

0.4857

2.2

0.4861

0.4864

0.4868

0.4871

0.4875

0.4878

0.4881

0.4884

0.4887

0.4890

2.3

0.4893

0.4896

0.4898

0.4901

0.4904

0.4906

0.4909

0.4911

0.4913

0.4916

2.4

0.4918

0.4920

0.4922

0.4925

0.4927

0.4929

0.4931

0.4932

0.4934

0.4936

2.5

0.4938

0.4940

0.4941

0.4943

0.4945

0.4946

0.4948

0.4949

0.4951

0.4952

2.6

0.4953

0.4955

0.4956

0.4957

0.4959

0.4960

0.4961

0.4962

0.4963

0.4964

2.7

0.4965

0.4966

0.4967

0.4968

0.4969

0.4970

0.4971

0.4972

0.4973

0.4974

2.8

0.4974

0.4975

0.4976

0.4977

0.4977

0.4978

0.4979

0.4979

0.4980

0.4981

2.9

0.4981

0.4982

0.4982

0.4983

0.4984

0.4984

0.4985

0.4985

0.4986

0.4986

3.0

0.4987

0.4987

0.4987

0.4988

0.4988

0.4989

0.4989

0.4989

0.4990

0.4990

3.1

0.4990

0.4991

0.4991

0.4991

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4993

0.4993

3.2

0.4993

0.4993

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

3.3

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4997

3.4

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4998