PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY

So far, we have used P-v and T-v diagrams extensively in previous

chapters, in conjuction with the 1st law of therm.
In the second-law analysis, it is very helpful to plot processes on
diagrams for which one of the coordinates is entropy.

1. T-s DIAGRAM
Q

Definition of entropy : dS
T

int, rev

Qint,rev TdS
2

Qint,rev TdS
1

NOTE : The area under the curve a gives

us the amount of heat transfer
only if the process is reversible.
NOTE : To be able to calculate this
integral, we need a relation
between T and S.

1. T-s DIAGRAM
Special Case : ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
2

The integral Qint,rev TdS can be calculated easily if the process is

1
isothermal.
2

Qint,rev TdS T dS Tcons( S 2 S 1)

Special Case : ISENTROPIC PROCESS

Isentropic Process : Adiabatic+Int. reversible
S=0

T-s DIAGRAM FOR PURE SUBSTANCES

Example 6-6 : Show the Carnot cycle on T-S diagram and indicate
the areas that represent the heat added QH, heat rejected QL, and the
net work output Wnet,out on this diagram.

1 2 : Int.rev + Ext.rev + Isothermal expansion

2 3 : Int.rev + Ext.rev + Adiabatic expansion
3 4 : Int.rev + Ext.rev + Isothermal compression
4 1 : Int.rev + Ext.rev + Adiabatic compression

2. h-s DIAGRAM (MOLLIER DIAGRAM)

It is very useful in the analysis of
steady-flow devices (turbines,
compressors, nozzles, etc.).
Example : First Law for an adiabatic
turbine : w=m.hei

y axis ( h)
is a measure of work output of turbine.
x axis ( s)
is a measure of irreversibilities.

h-s DIAGRAM FOR PURE SUBSTANCES

THE Tds RELATIONS

USE

Entropy is a property of system.

It is very useful to find the relations with the other properties of system.

First law thermodynamics

Definitions of entropy
Definition of moving boundry work

1st Tds relation TdS=dU+PdV

(Gibbs Equation) (Tds=du+Pdv)

TdS=dH-VdP
(Tds=dh-vdP)

2nd Tds relation

Valid

Both for closed and

open systems

Both for reversible and

irreversible process

Calculation of Entropy Change Using Tds Relations :

Tds du Pdv

du Pdv
ds

T
T

Tds dh vdP

dh vdP
ds

T
T

We need relations between ;

du
Pdv
S

T 1 T
1

dh
vdP
S

T 1 T
1

u and T; P,v and T

or
h and T; P,v and T

to calculate s.

For pure substances, these relations are very complicated.

Therefore it is difficult to calculate s using these equations.

ENTROPY CHANGE OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Solids and Liquids Incompressible substances ( =0)
2

du
Pdv
du
s

s
T 1 T
T
1
1
For solids and liquids :

u C *
du C * dT

dv
dT
s
C
T 1 T
1

C f (T )

I. Exact Treatment : Obtain a relation between C and

T and calculate integral.
Not practical
II. Approximate Treatment : Constant specific heat (C)
2

dT
T2
s C
Cave ln
T
T1
1
Special Case : Isentropic Process of Solids and Liquids

T2
s Cave ln 0 T1 T2
T1
Isentropic process of an incompressible
substance is also isothermal

ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES

2

du
Pdv
s

T 1 T
1
u Cv
(du Cv dT )

dT
v2
s Cv
R ln
T
v1
1

Pv RT
2

dh
v dP
s
T 1 T
1
h C p T
(h C p dT )
Pv RT

dT
P2
s C p
R ln
T
P1
1

 We need relations between Cv and T, and Cp and T.

This is not a practical method. Therefore, there are 2 methods :

I. Approximate Treatment : Constant Specific Heats

2

dT
v2
T2
v2
s C v
R ln C v ,ave ln R ln
T
v1
T1
v1
1
2

dT
P2
T2
P2
s C p
R ln
C p ,ave ln R ln
T
P1
T1
P1
1

II. Exact Treatment : Variable Specific Heats

2

dT
P2
s C p
R ln
T
P1
1

s s
0
2

0
1

S20 = Value of S0 at T2
S10 = Value of S0 at T1
S0 = f(T)
S0 = Given in Table A-17

Tablo a-17 nin bir rneini ekle.

Special Case :Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases

I. Approximate Treatment : Constant Specific Heats
T2
v2
s C v ,ave ln R ln 0
T1
v1
T2
P2
s C v ,ave ln R ln
0
T1
P1
Pv RT

T2 v1

T1 v 2

k 1

P2 v1

P1 v 2

T2 P2

T1 P1

k 1
k

Tv k 1 Constant
Pv k Constant
TP

1 k
k

Constant

II. Exact Treatment : Variable Specific Heats

P2
0
0
s s2 s1 R ln
0
P1

P2
s2 s1 R ln Not very practical
P1
0

P2

P1
v2

v1

s const

s const

Pr,2
Pr,1

v2

v1

Pr= Relative pressure (dimensionless)

Pr= f(T)
Pr= Given in Table A-17
vr= Relative specific heat (dimensionless)
vr= f(T)
vr= Given in Table A-17

Tablo a-17 nin bir rneini ekle.

Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases

1
P1=
T1=

2
P2=
T2= ?

Table A-17
T1
Pr,1=
P2 Pr,2

Pr , 2
P1 Pr,1
Table A-17

Pr,2
1
P1=
T1= ?

T2=

2
P2=
T2=

Table A-17
T2
Pr,2=
P2 Pr,2

Pr ,1
P1 Pr,1
Table A-17

Pr,1

T1=

1
P1=
T1=

2
P2= ?
T2=

Table A-17
T1
Pr,1=
Table A-17
T2
Pr,2=
P2 Pr,2

P2
P1 Pr,1

1
P1= ?
T1=

2
P2=
T2=

Table A-17
T1
Table A-17
T2

Pr,1=
Pr,2=

P2 Pr,2

P1
P1 Pr,1

1
v 1=
T1=

2
v2=
T2= ?

Table A-17
T1
vr,1=
v2 vr,2

vr , 2
v1 vr,1
Table A-17

vr,2

1
v 1= ?
T1=

T2=
2
v2=
T2=

Table A-17
T1
Table A-17
T2

vr,1=
vr,2=

v2 vr,2

v1
v1 vr,1

Example 6-10 : Air is compressed in an adiabatic car engine from 22

C and 95 kPa in an reversible manner. If the compression ratio V1/V2 of

this piston-cylinder device is 8, determine the final temperature of the

air.

P1 = 95 kPa
T1 = 22 0C

Air
Ideal gas
Adiabatic piston-cylinder, in a
reversible manner Isentropic
process

V2 = V1/8
T2 = ?

Exact Treatment
(Variable specific heats)

P2

P1

s const .

P
r2
Pr 1

s const .

Approximate Treatment
(Constant specific heats)

r2
r1

use this
P1 = 95 kPa
T1 = 22 0C

vr1=647.9 (Tablo A17)

For closed systems : V2 2

V1

T2 v1

T1 v 2

k 1

P2 v1

P1 v 2

T2 P2

T1 P1

use this

k 1
k

2
1
647.9 80.99
8
1

r 2 r 1

Vr2=80.99

Table A-17

T2=662.7 K

T2=295(8)1.39-1 = 665.2 K

REVERSIBLE STEADY-FLOW WORK

For Closed Systems
In chapter 3, we expressed moving boundary work in terms of
fluid properties :
2

Wb PdV
12

w b Pdv

Valid for quasi-equilibrium processes (reversible)

For Open Systems

Can we express work associated with steady-flow devices in terms of

fluid properties?

1st Law
Tds Relations

w rev vdP ke pe
1

wrev vdP ke pe
1

Special Case 1 : If ke and pe are neglected :

wrev vdP
1

Special Case 2 : If ( ke and pe are neglected) and Liquid :

wrev v( P1 P2 )
Special Case 3 : Flow of Liquids in pipes, nozzles and diffusers :

0 v( P1 P2 ) ke pe
1 2
2
0 v( P1 P2 ) (V2 V1 ) g ( z 2 z1 )
2
1 2
2
v( P2 P1 ) (V2 V1 ) g ( z 2 z1 ) 0
2

Bernoulli Equation

wrev vdP
1

Reversible steady-flow work (wrev) is closely associated with

the specific volume of the fluid flowing through the device.
v wrev

In work producing devices : v

v wrev

In work consuming devices : v

Example 6-12 : Determine the

compressor work input required to
compress steam isentropically from
100 kPa to 1 MPa, assuming that
the steam exists as
a)saturated liquid and
b)saturated vapor at the initial
state.

(a)

wrev , in vdP v1( P 2 P1)

1

v1=vf@100kPa= 0.001043 m3/kg

wrev,in=0.001043x(1000-100)
wrev,in =0.94 kJ/kg

(b)

1st Law : wrev,in=h1-h2

1

P1=100 kPa h1=2675.5 kJ/kg

s1=7.3594 kJ/(kg.K)
Sat.vap.
2

P2=1 MPa
s2=s1

h2=3195.5 kJ/kg

wrev,in= 3195.5-2675.5 = 520 kJ/kg

MINIMIZING COMPRESSOR WORK

What should we do to minimize work consumption of compressors ?
1. We should minimize internal irreversibilities as low as possible.
How ?
By minimizing friction, turbulence, non-quasi compression.
2. Specific volume of the gas compressed (v) should be minimized.
How ?
By keeping the temperature of the gas as low as possible
(cooling).

MINIMIZING COMPRESSOR WORK

To undestand the effect of cooling during compression, we

compare work consumption of 3 different kinds of processes.
Compressor 1

int. rev.
isentropic
(no cooling=adiabatic)

Compressor 2

Compressor 3

int. rev.
polytropic
(some cooling)

int. rev.
isothermal
(plenty of cooling)

Remember :
Isothermal process of ideal gas : Pv=RT ,
Polytropic process of ideal gas :
Isentropic process of ideal gas :

Pv = const.
Pvn = const.
Pvk = const.

MINIMIZING COMPRESSOR WORK

w rev vdP
1

Isothermal Comp. (Pv = const. ) :

Polytropic Comp. (Pv = const.) :
n

Isentropic Comp. (Pvk) = const.) :

w rev RT ln

P1
P2

w rev

nR( T1 T2 )

n1

w rev

kR( T1 T2 )

k 1

How can we make cooling in compressor?

1. Use cooling jackets around the casing of comp. (not effective)
2. Multistage compression with intercooling.
1
2
C1
a

C2
b

a
b

Pa=Pb=Px

What is the best Px?

Polyt.

Polyt.

w comp w comp ,I w comp ,II

w comp

Px
nRT1

n1
P1

P2 Px

Px
P1

n 1 / n

P2
nRT1

1

n1

Px

n 1 / n