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Natural Gas Phase Envelope

Refresh Our Knowledge! S.Bondzic, 08.06.09

Slide 1

Outline

Introduction
phase diagram
phase transformations

Gas-liquid phase transformations:

pure component
2-component mixture
typical phase envelope
retrograde phenomenon

Natural gas phase envelope:

optimizing LTS-process parameters (p,T)
describing LTS-process using phase envelope

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Slide 2

Introduction

Phase Diagram of Water (pure substance)

Liquid

Solid
Gas

0
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100

T, (C)
Slide 3

Typical Phase Envelope of pure gas

Typical g-l phase transformation of pure component (e.g. Water)

For normal liquids:
const f(p)

Super critical fluid

Critical point

1bar

Condensation, Tc

For supercritical fluid:

= f(p,T) = f(v,T)
Solubility of Caffeine in
CO2 depends on (CO2).

Boiling, Tb

Tb = Tc
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Slide 4

Typical Phase Envelope of gas mixture

Typical g-l Phase transformation of two-component Mixture

(e.g. Water/Ethanol)
Critical point
(meeting of bubble and dew points)

Dew points line

Bubble points line

100 bar

10 bar

Only liquid

1 bar

Only gas
Bubble point

Pure

Tb
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Dew point

line
ase
h
p
r
w at e

Tc

100

T, (C)
Slide 5

Typical Phase Envelope of gas mixture

Outline

Typical Phase envelope of gas mixture

Li
qu
id
re
g io
n

T=const.; T<Tc;
Increasing pressure
amount of liquid phase increases

P=const.; P<Pc;
Increasing temperature
amount of gas phase increases

Gas content 90%

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Ga
sr
eg
io
n

Gas content 10%

Slide 6

Typical Phase Envelope of gas mixture

Retrograde Phenomenon

Li
qu
id
reg
ion

0 % gas

0 % gas

The Retrograde Phenomenon

appears ONLY between critical
and cridonden values of
pressure or temperature!!!
0 % liquid

Two phase region

The Retrograde Phenomenon:

Gas content 10%

0 % liquid

increasing the temperature

(@P=const) the amount of
liquid phase increases
&

Gas content 90%

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ion
g
e
sr
Ga

increasing the pressure

(@T=const) the amount of
gas phase increases

Slide 7

Typical Phase Envelope of Natural Gas

Outline

Typical Natural Gas Phase Envelope

Pcc
(Tc, Pc)
Tcc
A - E process:
Gas is leaving the reservoir!

% of gas

On the way out from the reservoir, due to pressure drop, gas condensation can occur!
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Slide 8

Typical Phase Envelope of Natural Gas

Optimal P,T for maximal liquids removal from NG

100 bar

Pressure [bar]

90 bar

40 bar

35 C

- 30

~0

Temperature [C]

Removing maximum amount of liquid from the NG the separation process should be done at:
pressure below Cricondenbar and as close as possible to Cricondenterm pressure
temperature should be as minimal as possible
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Slide 9

Natural Gas Water Content

Water content, g/m3 (Vn)

Optimal P,T for maximal water removal from NG

For removing the maximum amount of water
separation process should be done at:
Pressure
drop

minimal (possible) temperature

maximal (possible) pressure

1 bar

LTS process
combines water and NG liquids removal.
p, T should fulfil the following :
80 bar

temperature
1. should be LOW for both, NGL and water

Temperature, C

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pressure
1. should be HIGH for Water
2. should be LOW (cricondenterm values) for NGL

Slide 10

Typical Phase Envelope of Natural Gas

The Most Characteristic Points in LTS Process

gas characteristics at the gas well exit;
gas requirements on LTS-plant exit
(70bar, ambient temp.);
optimal p,T values for max. liquids removal

sale gas specifications

composition (methane min. 85 mol%; ethane max.7 mol%;)
CH dew point (0 C); H2O dew point (-8 C);***
Wobbe index (48-55MJ/m3); Gross Calorific Value (38-46MJ/m3)

IMPaC customer requirements

1 2 gas cooler
[ 70 28 C; @ 92bar ]
2 3 heat exchanger
[ 28 -22 C; @ 92bar ]
3 4 Joule-Thompson valve
[ -22 -32 C & 92 72 bar ]
4 5 heat exchanger
[ -22 18 C @72 bar ]
5 6 pipeline;

BOG GmbH data sheet

***

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Slide 11

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Slide 12

Conclusions

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Slide 13

Introduction

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Slide 14

Typical Phase Diagram of pure gas

Typical Phase Diagram of pure gas

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Slide 15

Introduction

Real Phase diagram for NG mixture

1 2 gas cooler
[ 70 28 C; @ 92bar ]
2 3 heat exchanger
[ 28 -22 C; @ 92bar ]
3 4 Joule-Thompson valve
[ -22 -32 C & 92 72 bar ]
4 5 heat exchanger
[ -22 18 C @72 bar ]
5 6 pipeline;
6

end user;
[18 C @92bar]

Removal of liquids (water and heavier hydrocarbons) shifts dew point line to the left!!!
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Slide 16

Introduction

Typical Phase Diagram of Water (pure substance)

1bar

Boiling, Tb
Condensation, Tc

Tb = Tc

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Slide 17

Natural Gas Water Content

Water content, g/m3 (V n)

Optimizing the P,T for maximal water removal from NG

Pressure
drop

Temperature, C

The operational temperature must be as minimal as possible

The operational pressure must be as high as possible
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Slide 18

Introduction
Outline

Typical Phase envelope for gas mixture + Hydrate Formation

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Slide 19