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Moral psychology
Moral psychologyis a field of study in bothphilosophyand
psychology. Some of the main topics of the field are moral
judgment,moral reasoning, moral sensitivity,
moral responsibility, moral motivation, moral identity, moral
action,moral development,moral diversity,moral character
(especially as related tovirtue ethics),altruism,
psychological egoism,moral luck, moral forecasting, moral
emotion, affective forecasting, and moral disagreement.
Moral reasoning
Moral reasoning can be defined as being the process in which an individual tries to
determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by
using logic.This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do
the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or
not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the
action and weighing that against its consequences.
Moral responsibility
Moral responsibility does not necessarily equate to
legal responsibility. A person is legally responsible for an
event when a legal system is liable to penalise that
person for that event. Although it may often be the case
that when a person is morally responsible for an act, they
are also legally responsible for it, the two states do not
always coincide
Moral identity
Moral development
Moral developmentfocuses on the emergence, change, and
understanding ofmoralityfrom infancy through adulthood. In the field of
moral development, morality is defined as principles for how individuals
ought to treat one another, with respect tojustice, others welfare, and
rights.
Moral character
Moral characterorcharacteris an evaluation of a particular individual's
stablemoralqualities. The concept ofcharactercan imply a variety of
attributes including the existence or lack ofvirtuessuch asempathy,
courage,fortitude,honesty, andloyalty, or of good behaviors orhabits.
Altruism
Altruismorselflessnessis the principle or practice of concern for the
welfareof others. It is a traditionalvirtuein many cultures and a core
aspect of various religious traditions and secular worldviews, though the
concept of "others" toward whom concern should be directed can vary
among cultures and religions.
Psychological egoism
Psychological egoismis the view that humans are always motivated by
self-interest, even in what seem to be acts ofaltruism. It claims that, when
people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the
personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or
indirectly, from doing so.
Moral willpower
Metcalfe and Mischel offered a new theory of willpower that focused on the
delay of gratification paradigm. They propose a hot/cool structure of analysis to
deprive the way one controls the way stimulus is interpreted and willpower is
exerted. The hot system is referred to as the "go" system whereas the cool
system is referred to as the "know" system. The hot system is characterized as
being highly emotional, reflexive, and impulsive. The Cool System is
characterized as being cognitive, emotionally neutral/flexible, slow, integrated,
contemplative, and strategic.
Moral values
Kristiansen and Hottereview many research articles regarding people's values and attitudes and
whether they guide behavior. With the research they reviewed and their own extension of Ajzen
and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action, they conclude that value-attitude-behavior depends
on the individual and their moral reasoning. They also pointed out that there are such things as
good values and bad values. Good values are those that guide our attitudes and behaviors and
allow us to express and define ourselves. It also involves the ability to know when values are
appropriate in response to the situation or person that you are dealing with. Bad values on the
other hand are those that are relied on so much that it makes you unresponsive to the needs
and perspectives of others.
Moral virtues
Morality as virtues suggests that the morality of a person
depends on the traits and temperaments that he or she
possesses and values.
Moral emotions
Moral emotions are emotions that are linked to the interests
or welfare either of society as a whole or at least of persons
other than the judge or agent.
Moral behavior
James Rest (1983; Narvaez & Rest, 1995) reviewed the literature
on moral functioning and identified at least four components or
processes that must go right for a moral behavior to take place.
Moral sensitivity is noticing and interpreting what's happening;
Moral reasoning about what to do and making a judgment
about what is the best (most moral) option;
Moral motivation (in the moment but also habitually, such as
moral identity);
Moral implementationhaving the skills and perseverance to
carry out the action.
component.
moral language rather than neutral language is used to
describe the decision (forge instead of sign).
Cognitive moral
development
Kohlberg proposed that people move sequentially through three
Philosophical Approach
to ethics
Egoism
Situationism
Rational Choice
Objectivism
Cultural Relativism
Subjectivism
Relativism
Absolutism
QUESTIONS IN ETHICS
QUESTIONS OF FACT:
'IS'
TRUTH AND
FALSEHOOD
QUESTIONS OF VALUE:
'OUGHT'
WORTH, GOOD,
DESIRABILITY
DUTIES OR
OBLIGATIONS
Subjectivism
All values are relative.
Existentialist Perspective
I make my own good; no one can judge.
Language Theory
Moral terms are personal, individual.
My logic determines my truth, and its mine.
My statements can be tested as true or false.
Most value statements are nonsense, because they are value-based.
Therefore we cannot argue them.
But how do we resolve differences?
Cultural Relativism
Whatever a culture believes is
good is good.
Social authority determines good.
Egoism
Psychological Egoism (Epicurus)
All acts are motivated by self-interest.
It is human nature to seek selfinterest.
It is impossible to be unselfish.
Objectivism
Values exist outside of human reality.
Absolute values are morally binding to all
humans.
Divine Command Theory
We ought to follow self-evident truths
Natural Law
It is our duty to act on rational,
categorical imperatives.
The Forms of the Good (Plato)
Beauty, Truth, Justice
Utilitarianism
What is good is what produces the greatest happiness for
the greatest number of people.
The balance of pleasure and pain must be weighed
against alternatives to action
All value claims must stand the test of
consequences.
But what if the good of the mass obligates us to
harm the individual?
Possible Combinations
Rational Choice
A rational person can choose right living if she
is free, impartial and informed.
People in this state will naturally have right
views and intentions.
People in this state will choose right
speech, actions, and livelihoods.
People in this state will conduct
themselves with right effort, mindfulness,
and concentration.
Virtue Ethics
What are the traits of a good person?
How are these traits cultivated?
What are the moral categories that define the
good person?
What virtues will allow me to function as a good
human being?
Feminist Ethics
Do women operate uniquely from the domain of
morality of responsibility?
Psychological logic of relationships?
Caring
Do men operate uniquely from the domain of
morality of rights?
Formal logic of justice.
Can there be an ethic for both?
Domain of Ethics
(Legal Standard)
(Social Standard)
(Personal Standard)
Amount of
Explicit Control
High
Low
Ethical Dilemma
A situation that arises when all alternative choices or
behaviors have been deemed undesirable because...
potentially of negative ethical consequences, making
it difficult to distinguish right from wrong
Criteria For
Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve
Conflict between needs of the part & whole
- Individual versus the organization
- Organization versus society as a whole
Managers use normative strategies to guide
their decision making - norms and values
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Utilitarian Approach
Individualism
Approach
Acts are moral when they promote the
individual's best long-term interests, which
ultimately leads to the greater good
Moral-Rights
Approach
Moral decisions are those that best
maintain the rights of those people affected
by them.
Justice Approach
Moral Decisions must be based on standards
of equity, fairness, impartiality