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Objectives
Write the RTD functions (E(t), F(t), I(t)) for ideal CSTRs, PFRs,
and laminar flow reactors.
Short Circuiting or By-Pass Reactant flows into the tank through the
inlet and then directly goes out through the outlet without reacting if the
inlet and outlet are close by or if there exists an easy route between the
two.
3
1.
Topics to cover
General characteristics
General Characteristics
Residence time
RTD purposes
2 method of injection
Pulse input
Step input
Tracer:
non-reactive
easily
detectable
similar
completely
not
species
colored
tracers
Measurements of the
RTD
Pulse Input
N C (t )vt
Integrating of
resulting to
dN vC (t )dt
N o vC (t )dt
0
N o vC (t )dt
resulting to
E (t )
Residence-time distribution function,
C (t )
C (t )dt
0
t2
between t1 and t 2
E (t )dt
t1
Step Input
Drawbacks
Difficult to maintain a constant tracer
concentration in the feed
Large error
expensive
Characteristics of the
RTD
Characteristics
Integral relationship
Mean Residence Time
Variance
Skewness
Normalized RTD function
Internal Age Distribution
Integral Relationship
fraction of effluent
t 0 to t t
Graph plotting
F (t)
t (min)
Cumulative
distribution
function
t m tE (t )dt
0
Variance
(t tm) 2 E (t )dt
0
Skewness
s
3
3
2
(t t m ) 3 E (t )dt
1 t /
E (t ) e
E () E (t ) e
t
where
Example
From our experimental data of the exit tracer concentration from pulse trace test
t(min)
C(mg/m3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
F(t)
C (t ) Co e
Co
C(t)
e t
E (t )
F (t ) 1 e
(Ideal CSTR)
Modelling Using
Ideal RTD
Perfect Operation
Passing (BP)
Dead Volume
Tubular Reactor
Perfect Operation
of PFR (P)
Segregation Model
Mixing occurs at the latest possible moment. Each little batch reactor (globule) exiting
PFR
Calculatethemeanconversion
LFR
ForaLaminarflowreactortheRTDfunctionis
Themeanconversionis
Thelastintegralistheexponential integralandcanbe
evaluatedfromTabulatedvalues
=Da).
CSTR
Mean Conversion of CSTR
FormultiplereactionsuseanODEsolvertocouplethemole
balanceequations,dCi/dt=ri,withthesegregationmodel
equations:d/dt=Ci(t)*E(t),whereCiistheconcentrationof
iinthebatchreactorattimetandistheconcentrationofi
aftermixingthebatchreactorsattheexit.
Example:
Thesecondorderreaction
occursintheliquidphase.TheRTDfunctionforthereactorinwhichitistobecarried
outisgivenby
E(t)=0for0<t<10
E(t)=0.01(t10)for10<t<20
E(t)=0.01(30t)for20<t<30
E(t)=0fort>30
ThisRTDfunctionisthesameonewepreviouslystudiedintheselectures.The
enteringconcentrationis2molarandthespecificreactionrateis0.06dm 3/mols.
(a)Whatistheconversionafter30secondsinabatchreactor?
Solution
(b)WhatconversionwouldbeachievedinaPFRwiththesamemeanresidencetime?
Solution
(c)WhatconversionwouldbeachievedinaCSTRwiththesamemeanresidencetime?
Solution
(d)Whatistheconversionpredictedbythesegregationmodel?
Solution
Continue Lec
NoteE()=E(t)
E()d=Fractionofmoleculesthathavealifeexpectancybetween
+dand.
Modelingmaximummixednessasaplugflowreactorwithside
entrances
We obtain
Weneedtointegratebackwardsfrom=(theentrance)to=0
(theexit).Inrealsystemswehavesomemaximumvalueof(say
=200minutes)ratherthan=minutes.
Consequentlyweintegratebackwardfrom=200.However,
becausemostODEpackageswillnotintegratebackwards,wehave
tousethetransfer
z=T-tointegrateforward
Thus,
Intermsofconversion
The End