Contents

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CDMA Concept

DAY 1

CDMA Concepts
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Overview of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of CDMA
CDMA Basic Technologies
About IS-95 CDMA

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Why Digital Wireless Communication?
Increased Spectrum Utilization

Robust Radio Access Various Multiple Access Technologies

Matured Digital Signal Processing
High Integration on VLSI
High Reliability and Precision
Compatibility with Data Communication and Digital Networking
Reduced Cell Equipment Size and Cost

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CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Radio Environments

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Co-Channel & Adjacent-Channel Interference

Long-term Fading Caused by terrain & man-made environment
- Propagation Loss : 20 ~ 40dB(Field dependent)
- Shadow Loss : Diffraction due to an obstacle of propagation path

Short-term Fading Caused by multi-path reflections by local scatters

- Multi-Path Fading(Rayleigh Fading) : Frequency Selective Fading and Flat Fading
due to the ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference) in time
- Doppler Effect : Fast Fading, Slow Fading

Overcoming the Fading :

- Long Term Fading : Design of BTS concerning the Propagation Loss, Add the BTS in
Shadow Fading Area
- Frequency Selective Fading : Diversity, Direct Spreading Technology, Using Pilot
Channel
- Flat Fading, Slow Fading : Error Correction Coding
- Fast Fading : Error Correction Coding, Interleaving

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multi-path Countermeasures
Interleaving

- Distribute burst type errors by permuting the symbols to be transmitted

Antenna Diversity
- Combine the signals received at a distance

Equalization
- Eliminate ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference)

RAKE receiver
- Coherently combine the signals received
at a resolution time

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CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept What is Multiple Access?

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Multiple Access is the simultaneous

use of a communication system by
more than one user
Each users signal must be kept
uniquely distinguishable from other
users signals, to allow private
communications on demand
Users can be separated many ways :
- Physically : on separate wires
- by arbitrarily defined channels established in
frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable

Transmission
Medium

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept 3 methods

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time
time

FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple

Access)
- User separated by frequency(30KHz Channels)

power

- Example : AMPS
time

TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)

frequency

power

- User separated by frequency and time(30KHz

channels with 6 timeslots)
- Example : IS-54/136, GSM
frequency

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

power

- User separated by private digital code

- Example : IS-95A/B, J-STD-008, IS-2000
frequency

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - FDMA

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Each user occupies a private Frequency, protected from interference

through physical separation from other users on the same frequency
Amplitude

Sub Channel

Sub Channel

Total Band

Sub Channel

Frequency

Guard Band

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - FDMA
Advantages
- Easy to realize

- Less ISI(Inter Symbol Interference) Equalizer not needed

- Network Synchronization not needed
- Easy Bit Time Recovery and Frame Synchronization
- Voice Coder not needed

Disadvantages
- Guard Band is needed to reduce interference between frequency
- Encryption is Difficulty
- Low Efficiency for Non-voice Data Transmission
- Restricted Capacity due to the Low Spectrum Utilization : Frequency Reusing
Factor is 7

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CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - TDMA

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Each user occupies a specific Frequency but only during an

assigned time slot.
The frequency is used by other users during other time slots
Channel 1

Buffer 1

Channel 2

Buffer 2

Channel 3

Buffer 3

Clock

Channel n

Channel 3 Channel 2 Channel 1

One Channel of FDMA

Channel n

Buffer n

Frame
Frame
Sync bit

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Sync bit

Signaling
bit

Information
bit

.......

Guard
Bit

Slot N

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - TDMA
Advantages
- Frequency Sharing among N Users by time Scheduling
- Variable bit rate by changing slots

- Less stringent power control due to reduces inter-user interference : dedicated

frequencies and slots
- Mobile assisted/controlled handoff enable by available measurement slots

Disadvantages
- Pulsating power envelop Interference with devices link hearing aids have been
detected
- Complexity inherent in slot/frequency allocation
- High data rate imply need for equalization to overcome Inter Symbol Interference
- Large Overhead and Complex Hardware
- Restricted Capacity by Frequency Band and Time Slot

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CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - CDMA

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Each users signal is a continuous unique code pattern buried within

shared signal, mingled with other users code pattern. If a users code
pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be
detected, thus conveying information
All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time.
- Time and Frequency are not used as discriminators

CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users

CDMA operators by using CODING to discriminate between users
Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd but with a uniquely
recoverable code

CDMA Concepts

Overview of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Concept - CDMA
Advantages

- Easy to Voice Encryption through the PN Sequence using spread spectrum

- Large Capacity 10~15 times than AMPS by using the Voice Activity
- High Frequency Utilization - Frequency Reusing Factor is 1
- Better Voice Quality : Less Fading due to the Variable Diversity Technology
- Easy to trace the MSs Location by using the GPS

Disadvantages
- Difficult to Control the Power of MS and BTS
- Failing the Power Control affect all voice call in one cell
- Receiver is complex for PN Sequence Acquiring and Tracing

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Characteristics of CDMA
Advantages of CDMA

CDMA Concepts
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Large Capacity 10~15 times larger than AMPS

- Coding/Modulation Scheme, Voice Activity, Sectorization, Universal Frequency Reuse
1
4

1
7
6
1

1
2

4
7

4
7

1
1

2
3

3
5

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

AMPS Frequency Reuse of 7

High Quality

1
1

1
5

CDMA Frequency Reuse of 1

(Reuse planning not required)

- Overcoming the Multi-path Fading with Rake Receiver

- Decrease Call Drop through the Soft Handoff
- Using Vocoder with variable bit rate

Characteristics of CDMA
Advantages of CDMA

CDMA Concepts

Soft Capacity
- Traffic Channel Allocation is fixed in AMPS
- Dynamic Channel Allocation is enable in voice quality allowing range in CDMA

Canceling the Interference

- Using Spread Spectrum
- Receivers de-spread wanted signals and spread interferences in received signals

Soft Handoff
- Enable Soft Handoff : CDMA Cells use same frequency with adjacent Cells
- Less Call Drop

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Characteristics of CDMA
Advantages of CDMA

CDMA Concepts

Power Control and Low Transmit Power

- Excellent Power Control Scheme
- Signal to Noise Ratio is less than TDMA or FDMA
- Increased System Capacity, Transmitting Less Power(Longer Battery Life)
- Less Power Consumption, Small and Light size

Enable Voice Privacy

- Using Spread Spectrum and PN Code for Digital Signal Transmission

Support Various Supplemental Service

- Voice Dialing Service, VMS(Voice Mailing Service), SMS(Short Message Service)
- Fax, Packet Data, VOD(Video on Demand), Multi-media Service

Economic
- Easy to Cell Planning, Need less BTS than AMPS
- Transmitting less Power

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CDMA Basic Technologies

Simple CDMA Link Structure

CDMA Concepts
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Wave Form

Bit Stream

Voice
Encoding

Channel
Encoding

Interleaving

Spread
Spectrum

Digital
Modulation

Multiple
Access

Transmitter
Output

< Data Transmission Block Diagram >

Wave Form

Bit Stream

Voice
Decoding

Channel
Decoding

DeInterleaving

De-Spread
Spectrum

Digital
Demodulation

< Data Receiving Block Diagram >

Multiple
Access

Receiver
Input

CDMA Basic Technologies

Building a CDMA Signal

CDMA Concepts

A CDMA Signal uses many chips to convey

just one bit of information
Each User has a unique chip pattern, in effect

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Analog Voice Signal

Vocoding

Bits from users Vocoder

a code channel
To recover a bit, integration a large number of
chips interpreted by the users known code
pattern

Forward Error
Correction

Symbols

Other users code patterns appear random

and integrate in a random self-canceling
fashion, hence dont disturb the bit decoding
decision being made with the proper code
pattern

Coding and
Spreading

Chips

CDMA Basic Technologies

Spread Spectrum

CDMA Concepts

Traditional Technologies try to squeeze signal

into minimum required bandwidth
Spread-Spectrum System spreads the original
signal to wide frequency band and transmit
through the air
CDMA uses larger bandwidth but uses resulting
processing gain to increase capacity
Sender combines data with a fast spreading
sequence and transmits spread data stream
Receiver intercepts the stream and uses same
spreading sequence to extract original data
Using PN Code, Walsh Code and Operation
Increase Frequency Efficiency : Multiple
Access, PN Code, Walsh Code

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CDMA Basic Technologies

Spread Spectrum

CDMA Concepts

Advantages of Spread Spectrum

Interference Suppression : A PN code is a mathematical model for infinite power to
be uniformly spread over all bandwidth
Less Energy Density : spread the power of signals over the bandwidth so that a
small amount on average is uniformly spread over the whole range of frequency
Fine Time Resolution
Multiple Access

Type of Spread Spectrum

DS (Direct Sequence)
FH (Frequency Hopping)
TH (Time Hopping)

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CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Direct Sequence Spread with Code - simple

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Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence, transmit

spread data stream
Receiver intercepts the stream, uses same spreading sequence
to extract original data
ex) 4x Walsh Code

TX
01101001100101100110
(spread data stream)

User Input
10011

RX
User Output

Cell

Mobile

10011001100110011001
(Spreading Sequence)

10011001100110011001
(Spreading Sequence)

User Input

Spreading
Sequence

1001

1001

1001

1001

1001

Tx Data

0110

1001

1001

0110

0110

10011

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Direct Sequence Spread with Code real system

CDMA combines 3 different spreading sequence to create unique,

robust channels (Walsh Code, PN Short Code, PN Long Code)
The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving
ends of each link

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CDMA Basic Technologies

Walsh Code

CDMA Concepts
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Consist of 64 codes each 64 bits long

Each Walsh Code is precisely orthogonal with respect to all other
Walsh Codes each other (Correlation is zero between codes)
- Its simple to generate the codes
- Theyre small enough to use from ROM

Provide each channel with a unique identifier

Orthogonal Code
Two codes are orthogonal if the result of exclusive-OR-ing them results in an
equal number of 1's and 0's/Cross-Corelation between two Orthogonal codes is Zero.
Hadamard Matrix is used to generate Orthogonal Codes

Example:

0011010011
0101001010
0110011001

Creating Orthogonal Codes:

Repeat code
- Right
- Below
Invert code(diagonally)

00
01

00 00
01 01
00 11
01 10

CDMA Basic Technologies

Walsh Code walsh code trees

CDMA Concepts
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CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh Code

Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes
If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that walsh code and, all its
replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be resued to carry other signals
Therefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes greatly while a
fast data channel is being transmitted

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

PN(Pseudo-random Noise) Short Code

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Unique identifier for a cell or a sector in Forward

Improving the Gain in Reverse
Consists of two PN Sequences, I and Q, each 32,768(215) chips long
- Generated in similar but differently-tapped 15 bit shift registers
- Theyre always used together, modulating the two phase axes of a QPSK Modulator

No Cross-correlation between PN Code Sequence

Deterministic Code
Having the Characteristic of Random Noise Enable Random Access
Code Generation Example
Modulo 2 Addition

Shift Register
Seed register with 001(N registers)
Output(before repeating) will be

Stage #1

Stage #2

Stage #3

Output Sequence

1001011(2N-1 bits)

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

PN(Pseudo-random Noise) Long Code

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Unique identifier for :

- Subscriber, Access channel (reverse Link), Paging channel (forward Link)

Performs spreading on reverse channels only

Generated in a 42bit register
- too big to store in ROM in a MS, so its generated chip by chip using the scheme
shown below

Each MS codes its signal with the PN long code, but at a unique offset
computed using its ESN(32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system
- this is called the public Long Code Mask
- private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy
Long Code Register
(at 1.2288 MCPS)

AND

1 10 0 0 1 1 00 0

PERMUTED ESN
=

SUM
Modulo-2 Addition

Public Long Code Mask

(Static)
User Long Code Sequence
(at 1.2288 MCPS)

CDMA Basic Technologies

Applying Codes to CDMA Channels

CDMA Concepts
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The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the
forward and reverse links
A forward channel exits by having a specific Walsh Code assigned
to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector
A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset
of the Long PN sequence
Forward Channels
Long PN Code :
Data Scrambling

Walsh Code : Individual User

Short PN offset : Sector

Reverse Channels

BTS

Long PN Code Offset :

Individual MS

Walsh Codes : Used as

symbols for robustness
Short PN Codes : Used at 0
offset for tracking

MS

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Rake Receiver

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Enable separate and combine two signals time shifted

Time Diversity Method to solve the Multi-Path Fading Problem
Consisted of Searcher and Fingers in Modem Chip
- Every frame, MS uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators (Rake Fingers)
- Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh Code
- Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs
- Searcher continuously checks pilots
- When Soft Handoff, Searcher receives the Signal from the different BTS simultaneously
Mobile Station
Rake Receiver
PN
RF

Walsh

PN

Walsh

PN

Walsh

Searcher
PN

W=0

Voice,
Data,
Messages

Pilot Ec/Io

CDMA Basic Technologies

Voice Encoding

CDMA Concepts
29/185

Digital Voice
Digital hardware is generally less expensive than analog hardware
Error protection and correction schemes can be implemented in digital processing,
not true in analog
Digital systems allow data transmission with speech since all data is digital format
Digital systems allow speech to be scrambled for privacy

Vocoder (Voice Encoder / Decoder)

Telephone quality speech is band limited to 4kHz
When digitizing with u-law bandwidth can rise to 64kHz
Compress speech, Reduce bit rate, Increasing Capacity
Slight signal degradation occurs but bandwidth reduced
Adopted Variable Rate Vocoding
- Rate set 1 (8k QCELP, EVRC) : 8.6kbps, 4.0kbps, 2.0kbps, 0.8kbps
- Rate set 2 (13k QCELP) : 13.35kbps, 6.25kbps, 2.75kbps, 1.05kbps
QCELP : Qualcomms Code Excited Linear Prediction,

EVRC : Enhanced Variable Rate Coder

CDMA Basic Technologies

Voice Encoding Vocoder Concept

CDMA Concepts
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Variable Rate Vocoder

- Full rate during speech
- low rates in speech pauses
- increased capacity
- more natural sound

Voice, Signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA

frames
DSP QCELP Vocoder
20ms sample

Variable Rate
bits

Frame Size

288

Full Rate Frame

144
Coded Result

72
36

1/2 Rate Frame

1/4 Rate Frame
1/8 Rate Frame

CDMA Basic Technologies

Channel Encoding

CDMA Concepts
31/185

In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors using channel

coding, turning them into symbols before transmission
After reception, the decoding process to recover the bits highly
tolerant of bad symbols. The correct bits can be recovered despite
symbol errors
Many different channel coding methods are available to convert bits
into symbols. CDMA Voice applications have always used
Convolutional encoders. CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo Coding
CDMA2000 gets its best results using a mixed selection of coding
types :
- Adjust voice channel powers to achieve target 1~2% FER(Use Convolutional coders)
- Adjust data channel power at approximately 5% FER with Turbo coding, using packet
retransmission to correct lost frames

CDMA Basic Technologies

Puncturing

CDMA Concepts

Remove the specific parts of data to decrease the data rate

For Forward Traffic Channel Rate set 2
Delete 2 of every 6 symbols maintain constant symbol rate output
Puncturing Pattern : 110101
( 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th symbols are passed )

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CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Block Interleaving

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The Process of permuting a sequence of symbol

Changes sequence of data stream
Reduces loss sequential data (Burst Error Random Error)
Improves ability to reconstruct original data

Block Interleaver Input Data : 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . . . 59, 60

Data Input
Data
Output

1
13
25
37
49

2
14
26
38
50

3
15
27
39
51

4
16
28
40
52

5
17
29
41
53

6
18
30
42
54

7
19
31
43
55

8
20
32
44
56

9
21
33
45
57

10
22
34
46
58

11
23
35
47
59

12
24
36
48
60

Block Interleaver Output Data : 1, 13, 25, 37, . . . . . . 48, 60

CDMA Basic Technologies

Power Control

CDMA Concepts
34/185

Maintain the System Capability with Lowest Power Level in MS or BSS

Increase Link Capacity and Support QoS(Quality of Service) of MS
Open-loop Power Control
- Estimate long-term fading, Slow Control
- Adjust TX power so that TX power + RX power = Offset Power
- Offset Power is determined from the Band Class and Spreading Rate

Closed-loop Power Control Inner Loop + Outer Loop

- Refine the estimate by Inner Loop Control(800 bps control), Fast Control
- Target Adjustment by Outer Loop Control
- BTS measures RX power every 1.25ms
- BTS commands MS to adjust power in 1dB step

Forward Link Power Control

- Can adjusts its transmit level based on Mobiles reported error rate or EIB
- Fast Forward Link Power Control by PCB in Reverse Pilot Channel (IS-2000)

Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

Mobile

BTS
Reverse Closed Loop
Power Control

BSC
or
Signal Strength
Measurement

Setpoint

Reverse Outer
Loop Power
Control

FER

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Forward Traffic Channel Power Control

Mobile

BTS

BSC
Adjust Fwd.
power

FER
Forward Link Power Control

The base station slowly decreases power to each mobile station.

As the FER (determined at the mobile station) increases, the mobile station
requests a Forward Traffic Channel power increase.

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Summary of All Power Control

Mechanisms

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Reverse Open Loop

Power Control

Mobile

BTS
Reverse Closed Loop
Power Control

FER

BSC
or

Signal Strength
Measurement

Setpoint

Adjust Fwd.
power
Reverse Outer
Loop Power
Control

FER

Forward Link Power Control

All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption at the
mobile stations, and increases the overall capacity of the system transmit power.

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Softer Handoff

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One BTS can have up to 3 or 6 sectors in one cell

Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & Pilot
MS will ask for whatever pilots it wants
If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a MS, this is called Softer
Handoff
MS cant tell the difference, but Softer Handoff occurs in BTS in a single
channel element
MS can even use combination Soft/Softer handoff on multiple BTS & Sectors
Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one frame to BSC
Make before Break scheme !
Mobile Station

Rake Receiver

MSC

BSC
Selector
Vocoder

BTS
(CHC)

RF

PN

Walsh

PN

Walsh

PN

Walsh

Searcher
PN
W=0

Voice, Data,
Messages

Pilot Ec/Io

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Soft Handoff Procedure

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MS considers Pilots in sets

- Active Set : Pilots of sectors actually in use
- Candidate Sets : Pilot mobile requested, but not yet set up & transmitting by system
- Neighbor Sets : Pilots told to mobile by system. As nearby sectors to check
- Remaining Sets : any pilots used by system, but not already in the other sets

MS sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the system whenever :

- It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD
- An Active Set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP Time
- A Candidate Pilot exceeds an Active by T_COMP
Pilot Sets Transition

Strength(Ec/Io)

Soft Handoff Here

Candidate
Neighbor
Remaining

Cell B

Cell A

Active

T_ADD
T_DROP
Mobile Assisted
Hard Handoff Here

Distance

CDMA Concepts

CDMA Basic Technologies

Hard Handoff

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Multi System Hard Handoff (ex : Inter MSC)

Inter FA(Frequency Assignment) Hard Handoff
Inter Frame Offset Hard Handoff
Break before Make Scheme!

Inter FA Hard handoff

MSC

FA 2

BSC
Selector
Vocoder

BTS B
FA 1

BTS A

FA 1

About IS-95 CDMA

Characteristics of IS-95B

CDMA Concepts

Support Medium Data Rate

up to 76.8kbps(Rate Set 1), 115.2kbps(Rate Set 2)

Support Multi-Step Power Control 3 Steps of 0.25dB, 0.5dB, 1dB

Support PUF(Power Up Function)
IMSI(International Mobile Station Identity) Enable International Roaming
TMSI(Temporary Mobile Station Identity) For Security
Dynamic Soft Handoff Defined Dynamic Threshold
Access Handoff Increase Handoff Success
PACA(Priority Access and Channel Assignment)

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About IS-95 CDMA

Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
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About IS-95 CDMA

Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
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Pilot Channel (Walsh Code 0)

- The Pilot is structural beacon which does not contain a character stream
- Allows Mobile to Acquire the System
- Reference Signal for System Acquiring, Timing, Coherent Modulation
- Provides Mobile with Signal Strength Comparison during handoffs
- Transmitted Constantly
- Non-Modulated Spread Spectrum Signal (Transmit Short PN Code)
- Has Unique PN Offset(512) for each Cell or Sector
- Approximately 20% of radiated BTS power is in the pilot
W0

All 0's

I PN
1.2288
Mcps

Q PN

About IS-95 CDMA

Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
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Sync Channel (Walsh Code 32)

- Used by Mobile to Synchronize with System
- Carries a data stream of system identification and Parameter information
used by MS during system acquisition
- Pilot PN Offset

- System Time

- Long PN Code

- CAI Rev. Level

- System ID

- Network ID

- Paging Channel Data Rate

- Tx at 1200 bps
W32

1200 bps

Convolutional
Encoder and
Repetition

Block
Interleaver

4800 sps

I PN

1.2288
Mcps

Q PN

About IS-95 CDMA

Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
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Paging Channel (Walsh Code 1 up to 7)

- Used by Base Station to :
- Page Mobile

- Transmit Overhead Information

- MS Control

- Assign Mobile to Traffic Channel

- Provides Mobile with:

- System parameter Message

- Neighbor List Message

- Access Parameter Message

- CDMA Channel List Message

- Tx at 9600 or 4800 bps

I PN

W1
R = 1/2
9600
bps
4800
bps

Convolutional
Encoder and
Repetition

Block
Interleaver

Paging Channel
Address Mask

Long
PN Code
Generator

1.2288
Mcps

19.2
ksps
1.2288
Mcps
Decimator

19.2
ksps

Q PN

About IS-95 CDMA

Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts

Traffic Channel (any remaining Walsh codes)

- Used to:
- Pass voice, commands, and requests from the Base Station to the Mobile
- Tx up to 9600bps on Rate set 1 and up to 14400bps on Rate set 2

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About IS-95 CDMA

Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
47/185

About IS-95 CDMA

Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts

Traffic Channel
- Be used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS
- Be really just a user-specific public or private Long Code Mask
- there are many reverse Traffic channels as there are CDMA phones in the world
- 64-ary Orthogonal Modulator : For Non-coherent detection
- Data Burst Randomizer : For Power Control and Variable Rate Transmission

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About IS-95 CDMA

Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

CDMA Concepts
49/185

Access Channel
- Used by Mobiles not yet in a call to transmit :
- Registration Requests

- Call Setup Requests

- Page Responses

- Order Responses

- other Signaling information

- Be really just a public Long Code Offset unique to the BTS Sector
- Be Paired to Paging Channel (Each Paging Channel can have up 32 access channels)
- Tx at 4800 bps, 20ms frame length
I PN
R = 1/3 or 1/2

4800 bps

28.8
28.8
Convolutional
ksps
Block
ksps
Encoder and
Interleaver
Repetition
Access Channel
Address Mask

Walsh
Cover
Long
PN Code
Generator

307.2
Kcps

1.2288
Mcps

1.2288
Mcps

1/2 PN
Chip Delay
D

Q PN