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Solutions
Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or
more pure substances.
In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly
throughout the solvent.
The intermolecular forces
between solute and solvent
particles must be strong enough
to compete with those between
solute particles and those
between solvent particles. Solutions
Side note - Just because a substance disappears when it comes in contact with a solvent, it doesnt
mean the substance dissolved.
Dissolution is a physical changeyou can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent. Solutions
If you cant, the substance didnt dissolve, it reacted.
Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
Things do not tend to occur
spontaneously (i.e., without
outside intervention) unless the
energy of the system is
lowered.
Yet we know that in some
processes, like the dissolution
of NH4NO3 in water, heat is
absorbed, not released.
Solutions
Types of Solutions
Saturated
Solvent holds as much solute
as is possible at that
temperature.
Dissolved solute is in dynamic
equilibrium with solid solute
particles.
Unsaturated
Less than the maximum
amount of solute for that
temperature is dissolved in the
solvent.
Solutions
Types of Solutions
Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at
that temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can
usually be stimulated by adding a seed crystal or Solutions
scratching the side of the flask.
Gases in Solution
In general, the
solubility of gases in
water increases with
increasing mass.
Larger molecules
have stronger
dispersion forces.
Solutions
Latihan
Tekanan parsial gas CO2 didalam botol cola
adalah 4 atm pada 25oC. Berapa kelarutan
CO2? Konstanta Henry CO2 terlarut dalam air =
3,3 x 10-2 mol/L atm pada 25oC
Berapa kelarutan N2 di air pada 25oC dan 1
atm jika udara mengandung 78% N2 (volume)?
kH N2 dalam air pada 25oC adalah 7 x 10-4
mol/L atm
Solutions
Temperature
Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.
Solutions
Temperature
The opposite is true
of gases:
Carbonated soft
drinks are more
bubbly if stored in
the refrigerator.
Warm lakes have
less O2 dissolved in
them than cool lakes.
Solutions
Ways of
Expressing
Concentrations
of Solutions
Solutions
Satuan-satuan Konsentrasi
Konsentrasi suatu larutan adalah banyaknya zat
terlarut dalam sejumlah tertentu pelarut atau larutan.
Persen berdasar Massa
massa zat terlarut
% massa =
massa zat terlarut + massa pelarut
x 100%
Solutions
13.3
Satuan-satuan Konsentrasi
Molaritas (M)
M =
Molalitas (m)
m =
12.3
Menghitung Molalitas
Soal: Hitunglah molalitas suatu larutan yang dibuat dengan cara
melarutkan 75,0 g Ba(NO3)2 (s) ke dalam 374,00 g air pada 250C.
Solusi: massa molar Ba(NO3)2 = 261,32 g/mol
75,0 g Ba(NO3)2 x
molalitas =
1 mol
261,32 g
0,28700 mol
0,37400 kg
= 0,28700 mol
= 0,76739 m = 0,767 m
Solutions
Solutions
M =
Misalkan 1 L larutan:
5,86 mol etanol = 270 g etanol
927 g larutan (1000 mL x 0,927 g/mL)
massa pelarut = massa larutan massa zat terlarut
= 927 g 270 g = 657 g = 0,657 kg
m =
= 8,92 m
Solutions
13.3
Mass Percentage
mass of A in solution
100
Mass % of A =
total mass of solution
Solutions
Molarity (M)
M=
mol of solute
L of solution
Solutions
Molality (m)
m=
mol of solute
kg of solvent
Solutions
Convert mass % to ..
5% HC2H3O2 5 g x 1mol/60g =
0.0833 mol
95% H2O 95 g x 1mol/18g =
5.28 mol
Solutions
Mole fraction
X = 0.0833mol / (0.0833 mol + 5.28 mol)
MOLALITY
m = 0.0833 mol / 0.095 kg
Solutions
Convert M to m
1.13
mol to
L solution
mol
kg solvent
1050 g solution
63.4 g KOH
986.6 g solvent
m = 1.13 mol KOH = 1.15 mol
0.9866 kg
kg
Solutions
63.4 g KOH
1050 g
solution
Solutions
Dimensional Analysis
What is the molarity of concentrated HCl?
39.0% HCl by mass and 1.13 g/mL density
39.0 g HCl 1Mole 1.13 g 1000mL
*
*
*
12.1M
100 g so ln 36.5 g 1mL
1L
Solutions
Solutions
1.23mg Fe
1g
*
*10 6 78.5 ppm
15.67 g sample 1000mg
Solutions
Soal Latihan
Berapa molalitas larutan yang dibuat dengan melarutkan 32 g
CaCl2 dalam 271 g air?
Berapa gram glukosa (C6H12O6) yang harus dilarutkan dalam
563 g etanol (C2H5OH) untuk membuat larutan dengan
konsentrasi 2,40 x 10-2 m?
Hitung ppm (massa) kalsium dalam 3,50 g pil yang mengandung
40,5 mg Ca!
Hidrogen peroksida adalah zat pengoksidasi yang berguna
dalam pemutih, bahan bakar roket dll. Larutan encer H2O2 30%
(m/m) memiliki densitas 1,11 g/mL hitung (a) molalitas (b) fraksi
mol H2O2 (c) molaritas
Solutions
Colligative Properties
Changes in colligative properties
depend only on the number of solute
particles present, not on the identity of
the solute particles.
Among colligative properties are
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Melting point depression
Osmotic pressure
Solutions
Vapor Pressure
Because of solute-solvent
intermolecular attraction,
higher concentrations of
nonvolatile solutes make it
harder for solvent to escape
to the vapor phase.
Therefore, the vapor
pressure of a solution is
lower than that of the pure
solvent.
Solutions
Solutions
Raoults Law
PA = XAPA
where
XA is the mole fraction of compound A
PA is the normal vapor pressure of A at
that temperature
PA X P
0
A A
Examples
The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 torr at 20C. Imagine holding the
temperature constant while adding glucose, C6H12O6, to the water so
that the resulting solution has XH2O = 0.80 and XGlu = 0.20. What is ,
the vapor pressure of water over the solution
PA X P
0
A A
PA X P 0.80 X 17.5torr
0
A A
= 14 torr
Solutions
Examples
Glycerin, C3H8O3, is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a density
of 1.26 g/mL at 25C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 25C of a
solution made by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of
water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25C is 23.8 torr
Solutions
Examples
The vapor pressure of pure water at 110C is 1070 torr. A solution of
ethylene glycol and water has a vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at 110C.
Assuming that Raoult's law is obeyed, what is the mole fraction of
ethylene glycol in the solution? Answer: 0.290
PH2O =1070 torr
PH2O = 1 Atm = 760 torr
XH2O
P
= --------P
H2O
H2O
760 torr
1070 torr
0.71028
XH2O + XEG = 1
0.7103 + XEG = 1
1- 0.7103 = XEG
XEG =
0.28972
= 0.290
Solutions
1 mol Suc
n Suc 75.0 gSuc
0.219mol
342.3 g Suc
1 mol Water
nWater 180 gWater
9.99mol
18 g Watyer
n water
9.991
X Water
0.978541
nWater nUc 9.991 0.2191
0
PWater PWater
X Water 26.7 torr
X 0.97854 26.13
1 mol CP
nCP 52.1 g CP
0.6633
78.54 g CP
1 mol CB
nCB 38.4 g CB
0.312
122.99 g CB
n PCr
0.6633
X PC
0.67996
n PC n PB 0.6633 0.3122
0
PPC PPC
X PC 347 X 0.679964 235.95 236Torr
Solutions
Solutions
Tb = Kb m
Tf = Kf m
Solutions
Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes
Since colligative properties depend on the number of
particles dissolved, solutions of electrolytes (which
dissociate in solution) should show greater changes
than those of nonelectrolytes.
Solutions
Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes
However, a 1 M solution of NaCl does not show
twice the change in freezing point that a 1 M
solution of methanol does.
Solutions
Tf = Kf m i
Solutions
EXAMPLE
Antifreeze is made at 25% C2H6O2 by mass.
What is the Tb and the Tf?
Assume 1000g (Why? Because molality is based upon kg of solvent)
Mass percent
250 g C2H6O2
750 g H2O
1mole 4.03mole
m 250 g
5.37 m
62.1g 0.750kg
mole
6.73
?m
kg
Solutions
mole
6.73
1kg 6.73mole
kg
250 g
6.73mole
? MM
MM 37 g / mole
Solutions
LATIHAN
Jika anda menambahkan 1 kg senyawa
antibeku etilen glikol (C2H6O2) kedalam
radiator mobil yang berisi 4450 g air.
Berapa titik didih dan titik beku air
radiator?
Solutions
Osmosis
Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing
some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking other
larger particles.
In biological systems, most semipermeable membranes allow
water to pass through, but solutes are not free to do so.
In osmosis, there is net
movement of solvent
from the area of higher
solvent concentration
(lower solute concentration)
to the are of lower solvent
concentration (higher solute
Solutions
concentration).
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure required to stop osmosis,
known as osmotic pressure, , is
=(
n
)
RT = MRT
V
Solutions
Osmosis in Cells
If the solute concentration
outside the cell is greater
than that inside the cell, the
solution is hypertonic.
Water will flow out of the cell,
and crenation results.
If the solute concentration
outside the cell is less than
that inside the cell, the
solution is hypotonic.
Water will flow into the cell,
and hemolysis results.
Solutions
LATIHAN
Larutan 0,30 M sukrosa pada 37 oC
memiliki tekanan osmotik hampir sama
dengan tekanan darah, hitung tekanan
osmotik sukrosa tsb!
Solutions
Colloids:
Suspensions of particles larger than
individual ions or molecules, but too small to
be settled out by gravity.
Solutions
Tyndall Effect
Colloidal suspensions
can scatter rays of light.
This phenomenon is
known as the Tyndall
effect.
Solutions
Solutions
Solutions