Meiosis &

Sexual
Reproduction
Lecture 11

________
Transfer of
characteristics
from parent to
offspring through
their genes

 ________ - Complete

complement of an organisms
DNA.

___________ - carry
genes.

______ unit of heredity

made of DNA.

Chromosomes & Genes

Cellular DNA is
organized in
______________.
______ have
specific places on
chromosomes.

Homologues
Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in ______
(2n) cells.

Exception: Sex chromosomes (X, Y).

Other chromosomes, known as ___________, they have
homologues.

Ploidy refers to the number of sets

of homologous chromosomes in cells
haploid one copy of each chromosome

designated as n (gametes)

diploid two copies (= pair) of each chromosome

designated as 2n (somatic cells)

Diploid organisms receive one of each type

of chromosome from female parent
(maternal chromosomes) and one of each
type of chromosome from male parent
(paternal chromosomes)
A matched pair of maternal and
paternal chromosomes are called
___________.

Karyotype

A karyotype is the complete set of all

chromosomes of a cell of any living
organism.

The chromosomes are arranged and

displayed (often on a photo) in a
standard format: in pairs, ordered by
size.

Upper right is a typical karyotype of a

human male.

Center is a karyotype showing

duplicated homologous chromosomes.

Lower right is a karyotype of a human

sperm.

__________ Reproduction
Many single-celled
organisms reproduce by
splitting, budding.
Some multicellular
organisms can reproduce
asexually, produce _____
(offspring genetically
identical to parent).
Type of cell division?

_______ Reproduction
Fusion of two ________ to
produce a single zygote.
Introduces greater genetic
variation, allows genetic
recombination.
With exception of selffertilizing organisms, zygote
has gametes from two
different parents.

Peter + Lois = Stewie

In humans
At fertilization, 23 chromosomes are donated
each parent.
(total = 46 or 23 pairs).

Gametes (sperm/ova):

Contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

Are haploid (haploid number n = 23 in humans).

Fertilization results in diploid zygote.

Diploid cell; 2n = 46. (n = 23 in humans)

Most cells in the body are produced by _________.

Only gametes are produced by _________.

by

Mitosis

vs.

Meiosis

2n

1n

Clone

Daughter cells
different from
parent cell and from
each other.

Same genetic
information in parent
cell and daughter cell.

Give me another one

just like the other one!

Daughter cells have

the number of
chromosomes as
somatic cell.
Shuffling the genes
(Mix it up!)

Meiosis - Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation

In meiosis,
there are 2 divisions
of the nucleus:

meiosis I
&
meiosis II

Meiosis
Animations:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html

Meiosis
Animations:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Meiosis creates genetic variation

_________

During normal cell growth, mitosis produces daughter cells identical

to parent cell (2n to 2n)

__________

Results in genetic variation by shuffling of maternal and paternal

chromosomes.
No daughter cells formed during meiosis are genetically identical to
either mother or father.
During sexual reproduction, fusion of the unique haploid gametes
produces truly unique offspring.

How is this shuffling accomplished?

Genetic shuffling of Meiosis 1

1. Crossing over in Prophase I

2. Independent assortment in Metaphase I.

_______ ______
You will also see the terms synapsis & chaisma associated with this process.

Homologues break at identical

locations, then rejoin opposite
partners.
This creates new combinations
of the alleles on each
chromosome.
Occurs randomly several times
on every chromosome.
Results in mixing of the genes
you inherited from your
parents.

Crossing over
_________ is the pairing
of two homologous
chromosomes that occurs
during meiosis.
_________ are the sites
of crossing over.
Exchange of genetic
material between nonsister chromatids.
Crossing over produces
recombinant chromosomes.

__________ _________

Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycle

_____ ______ = sequence of

stages in organisms reproductive
history; conception to
reproduction.

________ cells = any cell other

than gametes, most of the cells
in the body.

_________ produced by
meiosis.

Meiosis Practicing
Each kit should have:
- 6 duplicated chromosomes
- 4 pieces of string

(3 sets of homologues)

BEFORE you start writing and doing your Meiosis

Worksheet, make sure that you have modeled
the stages of Meiosis with the chromosome kits.
(If your group needs help, raise your hand & I will come over assist.)