Application

Paint School
1

John applying the paint

Time is money !
John applies the paint in the
quickest possible manner
Good workmanship is
important
Money can be saved in the long
run

Application: John_application1

Paint School
2

Application
Cleanliness and good housekeeping before,
during and after application are one of the most
important factors to have a good result

Paint School
3

Important to open the tin

correctly !

Remove all loose particles from

the lid
Loosen the lid
Lift the lid away from the tin in
such a manner that the
contaminants do not fall into
the paint

Application: Open_dirtytin1

Paint School
4

Avoid contamination of the paint

While opening the tin

there is a great risk of
contaminating the paint
Remove dust and dirt from
top of the lid
Avoid contamination of
the paint when removing
the lid from the tin

Paint School
5

Cd-4930-54

Avoid contamination of the paint

While opening the tin

there is a great risk of
contaminating the
paint
Here all loose
particles and dirt are
removed from top of
the lid

Paint School
6

Cd-4930-55

Avoid contamination of the paint

While opening the tin there is a great risk of

contaminating the paint

Prevent the rubber packing from falling into the
paint

Cd-4930-56

Paint School
7

Tools for mixing of paints

Always use mechanical

agitator to ensure proper
mixing.
Proper mixing will not be
achieved by a stirrer
A stirrer may also contain
dirt and loose parts that
may contaminate the paint
and clog the spray
equipment

Paint School
8

Cd-4930-57

Mixing of two-pack paints

Component B is poured into

the component A (base).
Component B may have a
high viscosity. Make sure to
add all of it.
Empty the tin !
Ensure correct mixing ratio.
Use mechanical agitator
The applicator is well
protected
Think of your health !

Paint School
9

Cd-4930-58

Mixing of two-pack paints

Mixing of a two-pack paint: Light coloured component A

(base) and dark coloured component B

Visual mixing control improves the mixing and thereby the
performance of the paint.

Cd-4930-59

Paint School
10

Consequence of inferior mixing:

Poor coating performance

To the right: Correct mixing and mixing ratio.

To the left: Insufficient mixing and / or incorrect
mixing ratio.

Cd-4930-60

Paint School
11

Mixing of a two-pack paint

Visual mixing control

The dark base makes it easy to

see when the mixing is
complete
This is not easy to see with a
clear base
Poor mixing results in poor
protective properties of the
paint

Application: Mixingcontrol1

Paint School
12

Mixing of a two-pack paint

Using only a part of the paint

Sometimes it is only required to

use a part of the paint
It is still important to use the
correct mixing ratio

Application: Mixing_correct3

Paint School
13

Achieving lower viscosity of the paint:

Heating of paint in hot water bath
Particularly applicable under cold climatic conditions
Unnecessary thinning of the paint can be avoided
Unnecessary thinning: Increased drying period.

Cd-4930-61

Paint School
14

Proper masking will reduce the time

required for cleaning before painting.

Areas not to be painted should be masked

Suitable material must be used for masking.

Cd-4930-62

Paint School
15

Proper masking will reduce the time

required for cleaning before painting.

Masking is recommended to avoid

contamination of the deck: Spray dust, spillage
etc.
A contaminated surface will give poor adhesion
for the deck paint
Cd-4930-63

Paint School
16

Insufficient masking of the deck

Spray dust on the deck
Other type of contamination

will stick to the paint dust

and thereby further
aggravate the situation
Must be removed prior to
painting
Time consuming to remove
Good masking saves money

Paint School
17

Cd-4930-64

Methods for paint application

Airless spray:
Good
Paint brush:
Good
Roller:
Poor, particularly for
the first coat
Paint School
18

Application tools.
Alternative orders.
Alternative 1.
1. Coat: Spray
2. Coat: Spray

Alternative 2.
1. Coat: Brush
2. Coat: Spray

Alternative 3.
1. Coat: Brush
2. Coat: Roller

Cd-4934-03

Rule:
Avoid roller on
the 1st. coat
Paint School
19

Application of paint

Use of roller for application

on bare steel is not recommended.
Roller application will not ensure
good wetting of the substrate.

Paint School
20

Application of the first primer coat.

1.

Roller application not recommended

2.

Radiator brushes of standard

quality not recommended

3.

Brush application:

On minor areas
Where application by airless spray is not
permitted or difficult/impossible to reach
by airless spray.

Where difficult to achieve sufficient film

thickness (stripe coating).
Paint School
21

Application by paint brush

Benefits

Good wetting of the substrate

Forces the paint into the surface
Better than roller on the first coat
Good on areas with poor accessibility
Limitations

Gives low film thickness, many coats required

Creates an uneven film
Application speed is slow
Paint School
22

Hand-tools for application of paint

Stirrer: Only to be
used for small tins
Round paint brush
Flat, short paint
brush
Radiator brush
Small back roller
Tape for masking

Paint School
23

Cd-4934-04

Hand-tools for application of paint

Different types of rollers

Various types of paint brushes

Cd-0006-029

Paint School
24

Different paint brushes are

recommended for different surfaces

Large, flat surfaces:

Squared end brush with long bristles
Narrow surfaces:
Angular cut brush
Irregular surfaces and edges:
Round or oval brushes.

Note:
High quality brushes give an
improved paint film
Paint School
25

A round (or an oval) paint brush is

in many cases recommended.

Paint brush works the paint well into the substrate.

Can be used on 1. coat as well as subsequent coats.
Limitation: The production rate
Cd-4934-05

Paint School
26

Application by paint brush

Application of the 1st coat

Here, a round paint brush
is used
The paint brush works the
paint well into the
substrate
Limitation: Production
rate

Paint School
27

Angeled, flat paint brush

(radiator brush)

For areas being difficult to access

Long handle is not recommended
With long extension: Not permitted offshore

Cd-4934-07

Paint School
28

Good quality paint brushes must be cleaned

properly to maintain its properties

If properly cleaned and stored they can be reused

Use suitable thinner or cleaner, water and soap
Often the paint brushes are left without any kind of cleaning.

Cd-4930-67

Paint School
29

Good quality paint brushes must be

cleaned properly to maintain its properties
Often the paint brushes are

left without any kind of

cleaning.
If properly cleaned and
stored they can be reused
Use suitable thinner or
cleaner
Final cleaning with water
and soap before storing it
properly
(not shown on video)

Paint School
30

Application: Cleaning_brush1

Rollers and paint brushes left in a

tin after the job is finished.

The paint will dry / cure and the equipment is

unsuitable for application of paint
Waste of money !

Cd-4930-68

Paint School
31

Application by roller
Benefits

Application speed is faster than with paint brush

Good on areas with poor accessibility
Limitations

Poor wetting of the substrate

Never use for the first coat
May incorporate air and pinholes
in the paint film
Gives low film thickness, many coats required
Paint School
32

Application tool. Small back roller

Type of roller to use

must be selected on what
to paint and the type of
paint to use
Thin naps for glossy top
coats

Paint School
33

Cd-4934-09

Application of topcoat by roller

Type of roller to use must

be selected on what to
paint and the type of paint
to use
Well protected painter

Paint School
34

Cd-4934-10

Application by roller
A small pipe

Type of roller to use must

be selected on what to
paint and the type of paint
to use
Well protected painter

Application: Rolling_pipe1

Paint School
35

Application by roller

Type of roller to use must

be selected on what to
paint and the type of paint
to use
Not recommended to use
roller on the 1. Coat.

Paint School
36

Cd-4934-11

Application by roller
Flat, large areas

Ensure good distribution

of the paint
Cross rolling
Use the same direction of
the final rolling
Rolling with an extension

Application: Roller_wall1

Paint School
37

Superstructure. Application by roller

Two men working from a dock arm
This is often seen where it is environmental
restrictions. Spray dust may contaminate near
by objects. (Overspray / wind).

Cd-4934-12

Paint School
38

Poor roller application technique

Ships bow
Roller mounted on top
of a long rod
It is impossible to
control the application

Paint School
39

Cd-4934-54

Application by roller
Uneven substrates

Roller application is not

recommended on the first
coat
The roller possess poor
wetting property
Voids may be created
giving poor adhesion and
early coating breakdown
as a result
Application: Roller_substrate1

Paint School
40

Surface applied by roller.

One coat may not be sufficient
Two or three coats applied by roller may be required to obtain the
same film thickness as with one coat applied by spray

Cd-4934-55

Paint School
41

Application

Stripe coating prior to each full coat

Stripe coat with paint brush:

Where difficult access with spray

Profiles
Inside edges
Holes, notches
Corners, angles
Sharp edges
Manual welding seams

Paint School
42

Stripe coating of a small, complex

structure with a paint brush

A paint brush is an excellent

tool for stripe coating
Wet the substrate properly
Works the paint well into the
substrate
Welds, edges and notches must
be stripe coated

Application: Stripe_coating1

Paint School
43

Stripe coating will improve the life

time of the paint system

Use a good quality paint brush

Work the paint well into the
substrate to wet the substrate
properly
Welds, edges, notches and areas
difficult to reach by spray must
be stripe coated

Application: Stripe_correct1

Paint School
44

Stripe coating of small construction

prior to the first full coat

Welding seams
Sharp edges
Masking of pipes can be
necessary if welding is
going to be carried out
later.

Paint School
45

Cd-4934-94

Water ballast tank. Stripe coating

between first and second full coat

All welding seams and

sharp edges and areas
difficult to reach by
airless spray are stripe
coated
Note the contrasting
colours

Note the contrasting colours.

Excellent work
Paint School
46

Cd-4934-89

Water ballast tank. Stripe coating

between first and second full coat
Note the contrasting colours.
Excellent work

Weld seams
Edges
Bulbs
Angels / bars
Notches etc.

Paint School
47

Cd-4934-90

Stripe coating
Note the contrasting colours.
Excellent work

Weld seams
Edges
Bulbs
Angels / bars
Notches etc.

Paint School
48

Cd-4934-91

Stripe coating of superstructure

between first and second full coat
Note the contrasting colours.
Excellent work

Pipes
Supports
Windows
Reeling

Paint School
49

Cd-4934-92

Stripe coating of superstructure

between first and second full coat
Note the contrasting colours.
Excellent work

Weld seams
Pipes
Supports
Windows
Bulbs etc

Paint School
50

Cd-4934-93

The stripe coating must

be carried out properly

Stripe coating is a time

consuming job
Often a poor quality paint brush
is used
Lack of knowledge or available
time for doing a good paint job
The paint is not worked well
into the substrate.

Application: Stripe_wrong1

Paint School
51

Stripe coating
Poor workmanship:

Stripe coating applied too thin

Several holidays
Runs

Cd-4934-95

Paint School
52

Poor workmanship:
Stripe coated welding seam

Many holidays
The paint must be worked properly into the rough
substrate using several strokes with the paint brush.

Cd-4934-97

Paint School
53

Shopprimed steel. Insufficient stripe

coating prior to first full coat

Stripe coating of a
corner in a tank
Weld has been blasted
Uneven film partly
with sags, partly too
thin
Holidays in rough weld
Poor steelwork

Paint School
54

Cd-4934-98

Final touch-up of a
construction after spraying
Two applicators, both well protected

Cd-4934-08

Paint School
55

Paint application.

Rules when spraying

Paint School
56

Correct distance between spray gun

and substrate: (30-60 cm)

Correct angel (90)

Overlapping
(50% or cross application)

Seek to keep the gun at a

right angle to the substrate
The distance should be between 30 and 60 cm. The optimal
distance will vary, among other things with wind,
temperature, pressure at the nozzle and viscosity of the paint .

Cd-4934-20

Paint School
57

Paint application.
Airless spraying with overlap
50 %
Overlap

Paint School
58

Overlapping ensures
an even film thickness

Atomisation of the paint

Tip

Orifice
Atomised droplets
of paint

Paint School
59

Fan pattern
and width

Homogenous spray fan,

without fingering

The distance to the object is good

A spray fan with an angle in the range 60 to 80 degrees is
quite common when spraying flat, large areas.

Cd-4934-21

Paint School
60

Airless spray application is a very

fast way of applying paint

Spray application ensures a

high production rate
Working in groups may speed
up the process even further
A good result depends on the
skills of the applicator:
Keep the spray gun at a
correct distance from the
object
Do not tilt the gun too
much
Release the trigger before
stopping the stroke

Paint School
61

Application: Spray_fast1

Airless spraying.
Technique - small, complex unit

Spray can be successfully used

on small, complex structures
Always start with the complex
parts of the structure
Then, paint the plane areas
Keep the spray gun at a correct
distance from the object
Do not tilt the gun too much
Release the trigger before
stopping the stroke

Paint School
62

Application: Spray_technique1

Airless spraying.
Unsystematic application

Unsystematic application will

give uneven film thickness
Too low thickness:
Inferior protection
Too thick paint film:
Entrapped solvents
Make sure to use a correct
overlapping between the passes
An overlapping of
approximately 50 % gives a
uniform film thickness

Paint School
63

Application: Spray_technique2

Unskilled personnel. Non - Systematic

Spraying of a large surface

Non systematic spraying Several holidays

Uneven spraying and paint film thickness

Cd-4934-38

Paint School
64

Unskilled personnel.
Non - systematic spraying of bullwark

Several holidays
Uneven spraying and paint film thickness
Stripe coating is missing

Cd-4934-39

Paint School
65

Antifouling has polished

down to the black primer
Reason:
The ship may have been in service too long
Too little A/F has been applied
Uneven film thickness has been applied.
Cd-4934-85

Paint School
66

Rules for application

Start moving the spray gun
before pulling the trigger

Release trigger before stopping

the movement

Use smooth and even strokes

Use as low pressure as possible to
obtain a homogenous fan
Paint School
67

Application with a spray gun.

Stroke and triggering

Structure

Start stroke Pull trigger

Paint School
68

Release trigger

End stroke

Airless spraying.
Distance between gun and structure

Keep the spray gun at a correct

distance from the object
A correct distance ensures a
good, homogenous paint film
Too great a distance gives poor
float and an uneven surface
Trying to reach areas far away
will give an uneven film
thickness
Shadows are created behind
welds
Waving with the gun results in
an unacceptable spray pattern

Paint School
69

Application: Spray_technique3

Formation of a paint film

As the coating droplets hit the

substrate they will become flat.
Then, they will overlap and form a continuous paint film

Paint School
70

Overspray or dry-spray
Dry-spray will develop at the edges of a wide spray fan.
This may give a rough film and pinholes
Outside area of
effective spraying:
Low impact
Poor flow of paint
Result: Dry-spray

Area of effective spraying

Paint School
71

Incorrect application technique.

Waving with the gun

Cd-4934-31

Result:

Uneven paint film

Dry-spraying will occur
The loss factor will be high
The roughness will increase

Paint School
72

Long distance between spray gun

and hull gives increased roughness
Roughness

Increased risk of having

dry spraying
Increased roughness of
inside pipe walls will
reduce the flow velocity
A rough surface of the
ships bottom will result
in an increased fuel
consumption
Distance

Paint School
73

Incorrect use of airless spray

equipment will result in:
A rough surface
Too much paint dust
Pinholes in the paint film
Entrapped air
Entrapped solvents
Too high paint consumption

Paint School
74

Effect of temperature,
distance and roughness (1 of 6)
Result:
Very even surface, low roughness
Temperature
Paint
Air / steel
Distance
Roughness

Paint School
75

+ 10 oC
+ 10 oC
50 cm
60 m

Cd-4934-40

Effect of temperature,
distance and roughness (2 of 6)
Increased distance gives
increased surface roughness
Temperature
Paint
Air / steel
Distance
Roughness

Paint School
76

+ 10 oC
+ 10 oC
100 cm
175 m

Cd-4934-41

Effect of temperature,
distance and roughness (3 of 6)
Even at a relatively high
temperature a low roughness can be
achieve if the distance is correct
Temperature
Paint
Air / steel
Distance
Roughness

Paint School
77

+ 30 oC
+ 30 oC
50 cm
58 m

Cd-4934-42

Effect of temperature,
distance and roughness (4 of 6)
Increasing both the temperature
and the distance will result in an
increased roughness
Temperature
Paint
Air / steel
Distance
Roughness

Paint School
78

+ 30 oC
+ 30 oC
100 cm
224 m

Cd-4934-43

Effect of temperature, distance and

roughness (5 of 6)
Correct distance and low
temperatures give a perfect
paint surface: Low roughness
Temperature:
+ 30 oC
Paint
Air / steel + 10 oC
Distance
50 cm
Roughness 67 m

Paint School
79

Cd-4934-44

Effect of temperature,
distance and roughness (6 of 6)
Temperatures
+ 30 oC
Paint
Air / steel + 10 oC
Distance
100 cm
Roughness 575 m

Long distance and high

temperature:
Too fast
solvent
paint

evaporation
Pin holes
Increased dry spraying

Paint School
80

Cd-4934-45

Fuel consumption increases

with hull roughness
Illustration of

roughness on ships
bottom
The short wave
roughness caused by
airless spray
application will have
the largest influence
on the fuel
consumption

Paint School
81

Cd-4934-86

Roughness measurements on
the hull of a newbuilding (1 of 2)

Requirement: 100 m
Achieved: 325 m (average)

CD 0589 nr. 46

Paint School
82

Roughness measurements on
the hull of a newbuilding (1 of 2)

Requirement: 100 m
After sanding and re-painting: 107 m

CD 0589 nr. 47

Paint School
83

Pin holes can be caused by a number

of reasons, or a combination of them

Too heavy coats applied

Entrapped air
High temperature
Applying paint on a porous
substrate
(Such as Zinc silicate)
Poor application technique.
(Too short distance or too
high pressure)
Too good ventilation

Paint School
84

Cd-4934-67

Pinholes forming at application

on a porous substrate
Porous substrates: Sink silicate,

concrete, cast iron

Air from the porous substrate will
seek to escape from the substrate
through the paint film.
Pinholes will be formed in the film
The process will proceed when the
subsequent coat is applied
Light grinding will fill the pores
Use: Tie-coat, mist-coat, solvent
coat
Paint technology: Pinhole1

Paint School
85

Spraying of a ships bottom.

Very poor application technique

Too long distance

Dry spraying
Uneven film thickness

Running water
along side the ship
while painting.
(Scupper plug missing)

Paint School
86

Cd-4934-37

Wrong application technique:

Spraying of side bottom (1 of 4)
Result
A poor paint film:
Rough surface, pinholes, entrapped air.
Reason:
Bad scaffoldings
Too long distance
Wrong angle
Dry spraying

Paint School
87

Cd-4934-33

Wrong application technique:

Spraying of side bottom (2 of 4)
Close up of surface:
Roughness increases

Too long distance

Wrong angle
Dry spraying
Roughness increases

Paint School
88

Cd-4934-34

Wrong application technique:

Spraying of side bottom (3 of 4)
Close up of surface.
Magnified 8-10 X
Dry spray

Too long distance

Wrong angle
Dry spraying

Paint School
89

Cd-4934-35

Wrong application technique:

Spraying of side bottom (4 of 4)
Cross section of film.
Photo shows dry sprayed topcoat

Too long distance

Wrong angle
Dry spraying
Very rough surface
Very porous paint film
Entrapped air

Paint School
90

Cd-4934-36

Wrong spraying technique

Too long distance

Wrong angle
Dry spraying
Pinholes
Entrapped air
Too high paint
consumption

Paint School
91

This results in a very poor

paint film.

Cd-4934-73

Application in a paint shop.

Dry spraying of a construction.

Wrong spraying
technique
Too good ventilation
Too high temperature
Plan the work thoroughly
to avoid over-spraying
Too high pump pressures
increase the dry-spraying

Paint School
92

The smooth finish of a

newly applied paint is destroyed.

Cd-4226-58

Application in a paint shop.

Dry spraying of three pipes

Wrong spray technique

Plan the work
thoroughly to avoid
over-spraying
(Shielding)
Too high pump
pressures increase the
dry-spraying

Paint School
93

During painting of the lowest pipe,

dry spraying of the two upper
pipes has occurred.

Cd-4934-70

Poor application technique

serves nobody

Contamination of
the environment
High loss factor
Poor corrosion
protection
Waste of money

Paint School
94

Cd-4934-74

Spot-blasting and
poor application technique.
Direction of application

Loose paint edges

Application has been

done in only one

direction
Corrosion has
developed on shadow
sides shortly after
application

Paint School
95

Cd-4930-83

Application by means of an
extension
Very poor application technique

Home-made
solution
Impossible to have
control of the spray
gun
Will give a very
poor paint film

Paint School
96

Cd-4934-75

Thickness of the paint applied

The film thickness
is affected by :
Distance gun tip - surface
Speed of gun stroke
Pump pressure
Nozzle size

Paint School
97

Paint applied in too heavy coats.

Sags / runs
May be caused by:
Wrong application
technique
(Overlapping)
Too short recoating
interval

Paint School
98

Cd-4934-82

Application Technique
With Spray Gun
Positioning of the spray gun
Correct
Wrong
Parallel

Over spray

Paint School
99

Perpendicular

Arcing

Heavy

Tilting
Light

Light

Application technique
with spray gun
Positioning of the spray gun
Correct
Wrong
Parallel

Perpendicular

Arcing

Tilting

Perpendicular

Minimise
over spray
Paint School
100

Thick
film

Thin
film

Spray application technique.

Apply one extra coat to corners
Wrong

Correct

Source:
Corr. Control Principles and Metodes, Sect. 7, Ameron Inc., Monterey Park, Ca.)

Paint School
101

Application of inside corners

Air cushion is formed

Area with thin

layer of paint

Area with
thick paint film
Application directly into the corner gives an uneven film thickness,
but may still be satisfactory for many types of service
(Source:
Industrial Maintenance Painting, National Association of Corrosion Engineers; Houston TX, p. 88, 1973.)

Paint School
102

Application of inside corners

Spray each side of the corner separately
Use a vertical spray pattern
This will give an even film thickness
2
3
4
5

1
(Source:
Industrial Maintenance Painting, National Association of Corrosion Engineers; Houston TX, p 88, 1973)

Paint School
103

Airless spraying.
Outside and inside corners

The applicator must position

himself correctly
Apply stripe coating
Keep an angle of 90 degrees to
the substrate
Sharp, inside corners: Difficult
to apply the paint at the bottom
of the corner
Apply a stripe coating

Application: Spray_corner1

Paint School
104

Application technique:

Surfaces with deep pits

Air will be compressed in pits and push the paint back.

This makes use of airless spray on such areas almost impossible
Paint School
105

Pittings inside a pipe.

Power plant

Severe corrosion has

developed
Such damages will
increase the friction
and thereby reduce
the power of the
water fall.
Exchanging the
pipes may be the
result

Paint School
106

Cd-4930-88

Poor pre-treatment and

application technique

Premature rust on sharp

edges, Weld seams and
Weld beads
These areas should have
been grinded
Also: Spraying only in
one direction: Creates
shadows and inferior
coating thickness
No stripe coating carried
out

Paint School
107

Cd-4930-74

Application technique
Using a combination of tools

Some areas are difficult to

reach with a spray gun
Start with the paint brush
Then, use the back roller
Finally, apply the remaining
areas with the spray gun

Application: Roller_brush1

Paint School
108

Application of a tank

Pre-treatment Sa 2
Paint system: Glass fibre reinforced polyester
Good application technique

Cd-4934-23

Paint School
109

Application of a complex structure

Pre-treatment Sa 2
Paint: Glassflake reinforced Polyester
Application technique is good

Cd-4934-25

Paint School
110

Spray application of a one-coat ice

resistant system on a ships bottom

Pre-treatment Sa 2
Application technique is good
Good overlapping and a nice, glossy surface

Cd-4934-22

Paint School
111

Application of a holding by an extension

(lance) primer on a ships side
Pre-treatment Sa 2
Recommended max. length of lance is approx. 1.5 metres
Care should be taken to keep correct distance and angle to the
structure

Cd-4934-24

Paint School
112

Spray application
from cherry picker

Here a correct distance to the surface can be obtained all

over the ship side.
Disadvantage: Slow production rate compared with a crane
on rails.

Cd-4934-26

Paint School
113

Two men applying from a cherry

picker gives a quick production rate

Application at Ships bow

Application like this
require good co-ordination
and skilled personnel
Cd-4934-27

Paint School
114

Application of a large, flat

construction on from a wide basket

Mechanical damages to the paint system often occur

It is required to support the basket to keep it steady

Cd-4934-28

Paint School
115

Application from fixed scaffolding.

Spraying with a too long lance

Too long spraying

lance. Difficult to
handle
Applicator too close to
the structure, makes it
difficult to keep a
constant distance and a
correct angle to the
substrate

Paint School
116

Bad result
Uneven film thickness

Cd-4934-52

Spraying from basket / crane

Mechanical damages shown on photo

If the movement of the

basket is not controlled,
mechanical damages
may occur
Use for example ropes
to keep the basket steady
Fendering of corners
should be done.

Paint School
117

Cd-4934-51

Not always easy to be the applicator

Application in a narrow space
Good planning of the work, systematic
work and good experience is required.

Why not
gloves ?

Paint School
118

Cd-4934-29

Personal protection is a necessity

Make sure to use adequate

protection while using

paint
Application on an offshore
installation

Cd-4934-30

Paint School
119

Heavy runs/sags inside a tank

Paint collects at the

weld/corner building a
very thick paint film
Has to be removed, or
the paint will brake up
and cause corrosion

Paint School
120

Cd-4934-64

Inside a tank
Runs leading to cracking of paint

Paint has collected

in the corner
Several mm thick
paint
The paint cracked,
corrosion will
develop

Paint School
121

Cd-4934-65

The paint has been applied too thick

Flaking of paint Corrosion
A too thick film is just as
dangerous as a too thin

The film cracks and

breaks up.
Corrosion has
developed on the steel
after a short period of
time

Paint School
122

Cd-4930-77

C.R. primer applied to the correct

thickness. (1 of 2)
Photo from inside of the paint film
Magnification: 8 - 10 X

Specified thickness:
60 m
Result:
Sound paint film

Paint School
123

Cd-4934-46

C.R. primer not applied to the

correct thickness. (2 of 2)
Too thick paint film:
120 m
Result:
Entrapped air
Entrapped solvents
Porous film
Blisters and
delamination will
occur in future
Paint School
124

Photo from inside of the paint film

Cd-4934-0047

Close up of tank coating system.

Too thick intermediate coat

Entrapped air/solvent
Very porous film
Inspection showed
poor cohesion in the
paint.
Delamination and
blistering can be
expected in the future

Paint School
125

Cd-4934-48

Paint applied according to the specification.

Close up of paint film (1 of 2)

Perfect paint system:

Correct thickness:
Primer, Intermediate coat and Topcoat
Topcoat 50 - 60 m

Cd-4934-49

Paint School
126

Paint not applied according to the

specification. Close up of paint film (2 of 2)

Specification : 50 m
Thickness of topcoat:
100 - 150 m
Result:
Entrapped air
Entrapped solvents
Porous film
Blisters and
delamination will
occur in future
Paint School
127

Cd-4934-50

Solvent blistering

Some times paints

are applied to a too
high thickness
Solvents may be
entrapped
Blistering will result
during exposure
Paint technology \ Solvents_blistering

Paint School
128

Ship going from warm to cold areas.

Flaking due to temperature variations

Old, thick paint on superstructure

Large temperature variations

Cd-4934-59

Paint School
129

Cracking / flaking.
Mechanical stress in steel

Old, thick paint not sufficiently flexible to follow the steel

movements
Most frequently observed on paints that becomes hard,
such as Alkyds

Cd-4934-63

Paint School
130

Mud cracking on a
Zinc silicate paint

This is a fast drying paint

Has been applied to a too thick paint film thickness

Cd-4934-62

Paint School
131

Corrosion of steel on a flat area.

Too thin paint film
Paint film is too low. This is verified by
film thickness measurements

Cd-4930-76

Paint School
132

Intersection point between steel and

rubber packing is a difficult area to paint
Corrosion on superstructure
Possible causes
Bad construction
Poor steelwork
Bad stripe coating
Remaining grit from blast
cleaning

Paint School
133

Cd-4930-85

Poor adhesion between coats

Too long re-coating interval
Flaking of Epoxy
Check the maximum re-coating interval:
Technical data Sheet

Cd-4934-60

Paint School
134

Strong solvents may resolve relatively

fresh conventional paints: Lifting /
Wrinkling

1. Coat: Conventional paint

(white spirit as solvent)
2. Coat: Advanced paint
(Xylene as solvent)
May also occur if Alkyd paint
is applied too thick.The paint
will Skin dry, (wrinkling)
particularly at high
temperature differences
between steel and air

Paint School
135

Cd-4934-66

Paint has been destroyed by hot work on

the reverse side: Back burning

Bad planning of the work

Remedial actions:
Remove destroyed
paint and apply new
paint, according to the
paint specification
Repairs will always give
a reduced quality of the
paint system

Paint School
136

Cd-4934-72

What factors influence

the drying / curing process ?
Relative humidity, %
Ventilation
Temperature
Film thickness
Number of coats
Evaporation speed of solvents

Paint School
137

Main rule for pre-treatment

and paint application:
Temperature of substrate should be at
a temperature of
min. 3oC
above dew point of the air in the
vicinity

Paint School
138

Control of relative humidity

and temperature

Check the atmospheric

conditions before the work
starts
If required: Install proper
ventilation
Check the atmospheric
conditions while the work is
ongoing and during drying /
curing

Paint technology: Humidity_control1

Paint School
139

Electro-endosmosis on A/F

The areas have been through a stage of blistering

A/F has peeled off
Marine growth develops on the areas free from A/F

Cd-4934-83

Paint School
140

Ventilation.

Good practice

Solvent vapours
are heavier
than air

Paint School
141

Suction from
lowest points
in enclosed areas

Ventilation.

Bad practice
Using an inlet fan

Using an exhaust fan

Air flow
Solvent vapour

Air flow
Solvent vapour

Inlet fan, air through pipe

Solvent
vapours

Paint School
142

Air in

Air out

Temperature and humidity

of air used for drying.

Supply of heated air immediately after application may

lead to skin drying and entrapped solvents
Cold air will keep the film open longer and ensure proper
evaporation
Avoid high air temperature (especially epoxy)
High humidity will slow down the drying time
Exhaust from heating equipment using propane or paraffin
oil contain water and Carbon dioxide and may create
Amine sweating

Paint School
143

Water uptake
Water uptake of a coal tar epoxy paint
Dry film thickness approximately 250 m

Uptake in % weight
20

Cured under very poor ventilation conditions

15
10

Cured under poor ventilation conditions

5

Cured under good ventilation conditions

0
0

Source: TNO
Paint School
144

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time in hours

700

800

900

1000

Blisters inside a tank due to poor

ventilation. Entrapped solvents

Blisters sometime contain

water
Rust will not be formed
inside intact blisters, due
to the high pH
As soon as the blisters
break corrosion will start
Use cathodic protection to
back up the paint system.

Paint School
145

Cd-4934-68

Electro-endosmosis:
Blisters forming circles from a centre point

Starts from a weak point in the paintfilm

Often in connection with low paint film thickness

Cd-4934-78

Paint School
146

Blistering: relation between solvent retention,

water vapour permeability, porosity and water uptake
Solvent
retention

Improper coating
application

Attraction of
water by water
miscible solvents

Exudation of components
from coating
(e.g. tar oils, hardeners etc.).

Causing Voids
after evaporation
of solvents

OSMOSIS

In primer

POROSITY

147

OSMOSIS

Cathodic disbonding
Loss of adhesion

Blistering

Paint School

On substrate
after pre-treament

Introduction of electrochemical
corrosion. Transport of ions.
(Electro endosmosis)

Increase water
vapour permability

Source: TNO

Salt
contamination

CORROSION

Why use airless spraying ?

Applicator saves time: Up to 50 - 75%

With paint brush: Four times longer
With roller: Twice as long time

Paint School
148

Main parts of
airless spray equipment
Airless spray equipment consist
of three main parts :
1. Compressed air / electrical motor
2. Paint pump
3. Hose and spray gun

Paint School
149

Airless spray pump.

How it works.
Compressed
air

Pressurized
Paint

Paint School
150

High pressure, airless spray pump

Typical pressure ratios:

1: 48 or 1: 60
Recommended pressure at
nozzle: Minimum 15 MPa
(150 kp/cm or 2.100 psi)
Small diameter and long
length of spray hose will
reduce the pressure

Paint School
151

Cd-4934-15

Airless spray control

valve for air pressure

Correct pressure important

Typical pressure ratio:
1 : 48 or 1 : 60
Recommended pressure at
nozzle: Minimum 15 MPa
(150 kp/cm or 2.100 psi)
Small diameter and long
length of spray hose will
reduce the pressure

Paint School
152

Cd-4934-16

Airless spray pump

Capacity is measured as l/minute.
The capacity will depend on
the volume of the pump

Paint School
153

Airless spray. Pressure in - out.

Example: Pressure ratio 60:1
Pressure in:
5 kg/cm (air)
Pressure out: 300 kg/cm (paint)
This is a theoretical value
Does not take pressure loss in hoses into account
Paint School
154

Application

Technical specification of pumps

Model

Monark President President President Bulldog Bulldog

Pressure ratio
23:1
Delivery/cycle, cm
27
Max. delivery l/mm
2.70 l
Free delivery l/mm
8.5 l
DIN 24374
Max. recom. speed
100
Cycles / min
Max. work pressure
190 bar
Inlet air pressure, Bar 2.8 - 8.4
Max. air consumption
600
(ltr. free air/min)
Max. tip size - mm
0.63
(inches)
(0.025 )
1 gun

2 guns

3 guns
Tip provided

Paint School
155

163 - 411

King

King

15:1
108
6.50 l
24 l

30:1
61
4.00 l
13.5 l

46:1
36
2.10 l
8l

30:1
195
11.70 l
39 l

60:1
95
5.70 l
18.5 l

45:1
253
12.65 l
42 l

63:1
195
9.75 l
39 l

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

124 bar
2.8 - 8

240 bar
2.8 - 8

240 bar
1.8 - 8

300 bar
1.8 - 5

285 bar
3 - 6.3

350 bar
3 - 5.5

900

900

900

2900

2900

4500

3650

1.09
(0.43)
0.74
(0.029 )

1.04
(0.041 )
0.74
(0.029 )

0.63
(0.025

1.14
(0.045
0.79
(0.031)

1.14
(0.045 )

1.52
(0.060 )
1.24
(0.049 )

1.4
(0.060 )
11.14
(0.045 )

163 - 413

310 bar
2.8 - 6.5

0.63
0.89
0.74
(0.025)
(0.035)
(0.035)
163 - 411 221 - 627 221 - 627 221 - 635 221 - 631

How to get the most out of

your airless spray tip / nozzles

Paint School
156

Use the lowest amount of air pressure

required to atomise material and providing a
satisfactory spray fan
Strain all material
Use filters
Remove spray tip before cleaning spray gun
Clean spray tip with brush

Paint application equipment

spray tips do wear !

Normal tip wear is caused by normal use

Greatest wear occurs in first 120 litres sprayed

(using an average quality emulsion paint)

Some tips will be worn out after spraying approximately

500 litres (depends on type of paint)

Paint School
157

Spray tips do wear

Original
Worn to
Worn to
Worn to

Orifice
Size
.015
.017
.019
.021

Fan width
mm
305
280
230
140

Through put
Litres per min.
0,90
1,15
1,50
1,80

Spray pattern

305
Paint School
158

280

230

140 mm

Starting an airless spray pump

Paint School
159

Release the pressure

Put the suction device into the paint
Force thinner / cleaner out of the system at a
pressure in the range of 1-2 kg/cm until paint
comes out.
Mount correct type of nozzle
Adjust the pressure until a correct spray
pattern is achieved.

Application fault
Spitting / striping during application
If this occurs, check:
Nozzle
Pressure of pump
Closing
mechanism of the
trigger
Viscosity of the
paint

Paint School
160

Cd-0004-029

Properly cleaned and maintained application

equipment is a good investment.
Cleaning of airless pump

The equipment
must be cleaned
after use
Time and money
will be saved

Paint School
161

Cd-4930-65

Good cleaning and maintenance of

the equipmentis a good
investment

The equipment must be

cleaned after use
Time and money will be
saved

Cleaning of airless pump

Application: Cleaning_spraygun1

Paint School
162

Cleaning of nozzle
for airless pump
Dismantle the nozzle
Clean all parts thoroughly
Use suitable thinner or cleaner

Cd-4930-66

Paint School
163

Procedure for cleaning of

airless spray equipment (1 of 2)
Close the valve and release the pressure
Secure the gun
Remove the spray tip and clean it thoroughly.
Blow through the nozzle with compressed air
Clean the suction device outside. Empty the
suction device for paint
Put thinner / cleaner under suction device. Use
pressure in the range of 1-2 Kg / cm to force
residual paint back into the tin
Allow the thinner to circulate in the system for
5 - 10 min.
Release the pressure and secure the gun.
Paint School
164

Procedure for cleaning of a

airless spray equipment (2 of 2)
Clean filter and the filter house
Mount the filter
Change to clean thinner / cleaner
Use pressure in the range of 1-2 Kg / cm to force
residual thinner / cleaner through the system until
nearly clear thinner / cleaner comes out
Secure the gun and increase the pressure
to approximately 5 - 6 Kg / cm
Disconnect the air supply

Paint School
165

Well protected applicator

ready to spray

Disposable suit, mask,

gloves and boots covers
the entire body
Disposable suits is
particularly
recommended when
working with epoxies.

Paint School
166

Cd-4934-18

Fresh air paint mask with visor gives complete

protection of moth, nose, eyes and skin

Fresh air is supplied through a reduction valve from the

compressor .
Necessary in confined spaces where no fresh air circulates

Cd-4934-17

Paint School
167

Airless spraying
can be dangerous.

Dont ever point the gun

towards yourself
or any other person

Paint School
168

Application tool.
Conventional spray.
Air driven spray

(conventional)
Handy for small
constructions
Mostly used to apply low
viscosity paints
Usually, a thinner film is
applied than with airless
spray equipment.

Paint School
169

Cd-4934-14

Application: Conventional spray

Conventional air driven spray

Handy for small constructions

Cd-4934-13

Paint School
170

Close up of spray gun

Nozzle
Trigger
Safety catch
Cd-4934-19

Paint School
171

Solvent retention in % by weight

for various dry film thicknesses
Solvent retention
in % by weight
100

80

60

500 micr.
40

250 micr.

20

100 micr.
50 micr
0

100

200

300

Time in days
Paint School
172

400