W.N Imp!

What is a Wireless LAN
wireless local area network(LAN)

is a flexible data communications
system implemented as an
extension to, or as an alternative
for, a wired LAN.
Using radio frequency (RF)
technology, wireless LANs transmit

and receive data over the air,
minimizing the need for wired
connections.
12/20/16
Thus, combining
data connectivity with
Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore
OBJECTIVES
Understand
the WLAN
Know The requirements of WLAN
Know the modulation and access
technologies of WLA
Architecture of WLAN
Protocols of Different layer of WLAN
Application of WLAN
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WLAN TOPOLOGY
The wireless LAN connects to a
wired LAN
There is a need of an access point that
bridges wireless LAN traffic into the wired
LAN.
The access point (AP) can also act as a
repeater for wireless nodes, effectively
doubling the maximum possible distance
between nodes.
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of

Using a Wireless LAN and its Practical
Uses
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Benefits of Wireless LAN

Productivity,
convenience, and
cost
Installation speed and simplicity.
Installation flexibility.
Reduced cost-of-ownership.
Mobility.
Scalability.
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Installation
speed and simplicity
No cable to pull.
Eliminates current architecture
obstacles.
Few transmitters/receivers for multiple
for users.
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Installation
flexibility
The network goes where wires cannot.

Not constrained by expensive walls.
Easy to add more computers and
devices.
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Reduced
cost-of-ownership
Mobile devices are less expensive than
computer workstations.
Can Run Errands and stay in touch.
No need to build wiring closets.
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Mobility
Access to real-time information.
Supports productivity.
Provides service opportunities.
Promotes flexibility.
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10

Scalability
Spans a variety of topologies.
Configurations are easily changed.
Works over great distances.
Effective for wide range of user
communities.
Small number of users with local needs.

Full infrastructure networks roaming over a
broad area.
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11
Disadvantage of
Wireless LAN
Cost
Wireless network cards cost 4 times
more than wired network cards.

The access points are more expensive
than hubs and wires.
Signal
Bleed Over
Access points pick up the signals of
adjacent access points or overpower

their signal.
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12
Disadvantage of
Wireless LAN
Environmental Conditions
Susceptible to weather and solar activity.
Constrained by buildings, trees, terrain.
Less Capacity
Slower bandwidth.
Limit to how much data a carrier wave
can transmit without lost packets

impacting performance.
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13
Practical Use of Wireless

LAN
Corporate
Mobile networking for e-mail, file
sharing, and web browsing.

Education
Connectivity to the University Network
for collaborative class activities.

Ability to access research sources
without requiring a hard point.
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14

LAN
Finance
Traders can receive up-to-the-second
pricing information.
Facilitates electronic payments for goods
and services.
Improve the speed and quality of trades.
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15

LAN
Hospitality
and Retail
Electronic food orders for pickup or from
table. (Then Pay Electronically)

Setting up temporary registers for
special events.
Check public transportation.
Send notice to hotel of arrival.
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16

LAN
Manufacturing
Link factory floor workstations to
servers.
Remote data collections.
Tracking of goods.
Healthcare
Emergency medical information readily
available.
Access to schedule information.
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17
Design Requireements
of WLAN
Range
and Coverage
Throughput
Integrity and Reliability.
Comapatibility
Interoperability-FHSS X DSSS X FHSS
Licensing Issue
Security
Cost
Scalability
battery life
Safety
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18
Network Components
WLAN
Adapter
Access
Points
Outdoor
WLAN
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bridges
Routers-
19
Infrastructure vs. Ad hoc

networks
infrastructure
network
AP
AP
wired network
AP: Access Point
AP
ad-hoc network
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20
Network Architecture
Internet
Access Point (AP)
Base station that communicates with
the wireless hosts
hub, switch
or router
Identified by
APan network name
known as an SSID
Basic Service Set (BSS)

Coverage of one AP
AP acts as the master
BSS 1
AP
BSS 2
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21
Infrastructure Based -WLAN
network
infrastructure
22
12/20/16
Infrastructure mode
Base station connects
mobiles into wired network
Network provides services
(addressing, routing, DNS)
Handoff: mobile changes
base station providing
connection to wired network
Infrastructureless WLAN- Ad
Hoc Networks
Ad hoc mode
No base stations
Nodes can only transmit to other
nodes within link coverage
Nodes self-organize and route
among themselves
23
12/20/16
Infrastructure vs. Ad
Hoc
Infrastructure
mode
Wireless hosts are associated with a base station

Traditional services provided by the connected network
E.g., address assignment, routing, and DNS resolution
Ad
hoc networks
Wireless hosts have no infrastructure to connect to

Hosts themselves must provide network services
Similar
in spirit to the difference between
Client-server communication
Peer-to-peer communication
24
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Different Types of Wireless

Networks
Infrastructure-based
Infrastructure-less
Single hop Base station connected

to larger wired network
(e.g., WiFi wireless
LAN, and cellular
telephony networks)
No wired network; one

node coordinates the
transmissions of the
others (e.g., Bluetooth,
and ad hoc 802.11)
Multi-hop
No base station exists,

and some nodes must
relay through others
(e.g., mobile ad hoc
networks, like vehicular
ad hoc networks)
Base station exists, but

some nodes must relay
through other nodes
(e.g., wireless sensor
networks, and wireless
mesh networks
25
Building Your Own

Wireless LAN
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26
How to Configure Wireless

LANs
Five
ways to configure a wireless
LAN
Peer-to-peer network
Client and access point
Multiple access points and roaming
Using an extension point
Using a directional antenna
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27
A Basic Wireless Peer

to Peer Network
Two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can be set

up as an independent network whenever they are within
range of one another.
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28
Peer to Peer Network

Requires
no administration or
configuration.
Each client has access to only the
resources shared by the other client
and not to a central server.
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29
Client and Access Point

Wired
network
Access
Point
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Installing
an
access point can
extend the range
of the network,
effectively
doubling the range
at which the PCs
can communicate.
30
Client and Access Point

Each
client would have access to

server resources (ie:shared printer)
as well as to other clients.
Each access point can accommodate
many clients depending on the
number and nature of the
transmissions involved.
Generally, more access points means
more clients can be accommodated.
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31
Multiple Access Points and

Roaming
Shared
Printer
Multiple
Access
Points
At a large facility, such as a college campus or
warehouse, more than one Access Point may be
needed.
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32
Multiple Access Points and

Roaming
Access points have limited range:

500ft. Indoors.
1000ft. Outdoors.
Goal is to blanket the coverage area with

overlapping access points so that clients
will never lose network contact.
Roaming.
Access point positioning accomplished by

a site survey.
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33
Using an Extension Point
Extension Point
Extension Points may be used lieu of multiple Access Points
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34
Using an Extension Point

(EP)
EPs
function like access points, but

they are not tethered to the wired
network as are access points.
Extend the range of the network by
relaying signals from a client to an
access point or another extension
point.
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35
Using a Directional
Antenna
Data
Relayed
Here
Directional Antennas
In the case of having a wireless LAN in one building and
wanting to extend it to a nearby building, one mile away, use
directional antennas.
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36
Using a Directional
Antenna
One
directional antenna situated on

each building, each antenna
targeting the other.
The antenna on the first building is
connected to a wired network via an
access point, and the other is
connected to an access point in that
building, which enables wireless LAN
connectivity in that building.
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37
WLAN STANDARDS
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38
What is 802.11?
A family of wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications developed

by a working group at the Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Defines standard for WLANs using the following four

technologies-( Physical layer Implementation)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)-2.4Ghz band
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)-2.4Ghz Band
Infrared (IR)
Allows security, privacy of the user data transferrd over
Wireless media.
Accessing Method is -CSMA
Versions: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11e, 802.11f,

802.11i
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39
802.11 - Transmission
Most
wireless LAN products operate in

unlicensed radio bands
2.4 GHz is most popular
Available in most parts of the world
No need for user licensing
Most
wireless LANs use spreadspectrum radio

Resistant to interference, secure
Two popular methods
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Direct Sequence (DS)
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40
Frequency Hopping Vs. Direct

Sequence
FH systems use a radio carrier that hops from

frequency to frequency in a pattern known to both
transmitter and receiver
Easy to implement
Resistance to noise
Limited throughput (2-3 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz)
DS systems use a carrier that remains fixed to a

specific frequency band. The data signal is spread
onto a much larger range of frequencies (at a much
lower power level) using a specific encoding scheme.
Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps)
Better range
Less resistant to noise (made up for by redundancy it
transmits at least 10 fully redundant copies of the original

signal at the same time)
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41
Performance
802.11a
offers speeds with a

theoretically maximum rate of
54Mbps in the 5 GHz band
802.11b offers speeds with a
theoretically maximum rate of
11Mbps at in the 2.4 GHz spectrum
band
802.11g is a new standard for data
rates of up to a theoretical maximum
of 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz.
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42
802.11a
Employs
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM)
Offers higher bandwidth than that of 802.11b, DSSS
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

802.11a MAC (Media Access Control) is same as 802.11b
Operates
in the 5 GHz range

Each channel -20Mbps 52 Sub cahnnels each
of 300 KHz Wide.
Date rate -54Mbps
range of node is
150 ft-indoor, 300 ft
out door.
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43
802.11a Advantages
Ultra-high spectrum efficiency
5 GHz band is 300 MHz (vs. 83.5 MHz @
2.4 GHz)
More data can travel over a smaller
amount of bandwidth
High speed
Up to 54 Mbps
Less interference
Fewer products using the frequency
2.4 GHz band shared by cordless phones,
microwave ovens, Bluetooth, and WLANs
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44
802.11a Disadvantages
Standards and Interoperability

Standard not accepted worldwide
No interoperability certification available
for 802.11a products

Not compatible or interoperable with 802.11b
Legal issues
License-free spectrum in 5 GHz band not available
worldwide
Market
Beyond LAN-LAN bridging, there is limited interest for
5 GHz adoption
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45
802.11a Disadvantages
Cost
2.4 GHz will still has >40% cost
advantage
Range
At equivalent power, 5 GHz range will be
~50% of 2.4 GHz

Power
consumption
Higher data rates and increased signal
require more power

OFDM is less power-efficient then DSSS
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46
802.11a Applications
Building-to-building connections
Video,
audio
conferencing/streaming
video,
and audio.
Large file transfers, such as engineering
CAD drawings
Faster Web access and browsing
High worker density or high throughput
scenarios
Numerous
PCs
running
graphics-intensive
applications
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47
802.11.b
Speed
of 11Mbps.
Certified for interoperability by the
WECA by wifi logo
Operates in 2.4 ghz BW
Modulation DSSS
3 non overlapping channels.
Range of node -200 ft indoors, 600ft
outdoors
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48
802.11a Vs.
802.11b802.11b
802.11a
802.11a vs.
802.11b
Raw data rates
Up to 54 Mbps
(54, 48, 36, 24,18, 12
and 6 Mbps)
Up to 11 Mbps
(11, 5.5, 2, and
1 Mbps)
Range
50 Meters
100 Meters
Bandwidth
UNII and ISM

(5 GHz range)
ISM (2.4000
2.4835 GHz range)
Modulation
OFDM technology
DSSS technology
49
802.11e
Introduces
Quality of Service to multimedia

application.
Also know as P802.11 Tge
Purpose:
To
enhance
the
802.11
Medium
Access
Control
(MAC)
to
improve
and
manage
Quality of Service (QoS)
handles-Voice traffic, MPEG video upto 3Mbps.
Cannot be supported in current

Requires new radio chips
chip design
Can do basic QoS in MAC layer

50
802.11g
802.11g
802.11b
is a high-speed extension to
Compatible with 802.11b

High speed up to 54 Mbps
2.4 GHz (vs. 802.11a, 5 GHz)
Using OFDM for backward compatibility
Adaptive Rate Shifting.
Used for- wireless multimedia,video
transmission , broad cast MPEG.
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51
802.11g Advantages
Provides higher speeds and higher

capacity requirements for applications
Wireless Public Access
Compatible with existing 802.11b

standard
Leverages Worldwide spectrum availability
in 2.4 GHz
Likely to be less costly than 5 GHz
alternatives
Provides easy migration for current users
of 802.11b WLANs
Delivers backward support for existing 802.11b
12/20/16
products
52
802.11f Inter Access Point

Protocol
Also
know as P802.11 TGf
Purpose:
To develop a set of requirements for
Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) for

multiple vendor AP interoperability.
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53
802.11p
Used for wireless acess in Vehicular
environment.
Supports-INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORT SYSTEM Application.
Allows data exchange between
High Speed Vehicles. And B/w the
vehicles in road side infrastructure
in the licensed ITS band(5.85.925Ghz)
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54
Network
LLC
MAC
FHSS DSSS IR
12/20/16
PHY
8 0 2 .1 1
WLAN PROTOCOL LAYER
55
802.11 variants
LLC
802.11i
security
WEP
Inter Access Point Protocol
802.11e
QoS enhancements
PHY
DSSS
802.11b
5,11 Mbps
802.11g
20+ Mbps
12/20/16
MAC
Mgmt
MAC
802.11f
FH
MIB
IR
OFDM
802.11a
6,9,12,18,24
36,48,54 Mbps
56
LLC provides addressing and data link control

MAC provides
access to wireless medium
CSMA/CA
Priority based access (802.12)
joining the network
authentication & privacy Services
Station service: Authentication, privacy,
Three physical layers (PHY)

FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (SS)
DSSS: Direct Sequence SS
IR: Infrared transmission
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57
Wireless Physical Layer
Physical layer conforms to OSI (five options)

1997: 802.11 infrared, FHSS, DHSS
1999: 802.11a OFDM and 802.11b HR-DSSS
2001: 802.11g OFDM
802.11 Infrared
Two capacities 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps.

Range is 10 to 20 meters and cannot penetrate walls.
Does not work outdoors.
802.11 FHSS (Frequence Hopping Spread

Spectrum)
The main issue is multipath fading.

79 non-overlapping channels, each 1 Mhz wide at low end of
2.4 GHz ISM band.

Same pseudo-random number generator used by all stations.
Dwell time: min. time on channel before hopping (400msec).
12/20/16
58
802.11 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum)
Spreads signal over entire spectrum using pseudo-random
sequence (similar to CDMA .

Each bit transmitted using an 11 chips Barker sequence, PSK
at 1Mbaud.
1 or 2 Mbps.
802.11a OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency

Divisional Multiplexing)
Compatible with European HiperLan2.

54Mbps in wider 5.5 GHz band transmission range is
limited.
Uses 52 FDM channels (48 for data; 4 for synchronization).
Encoding is complex ( PSM up to 18 Mbps and QAM above this
capacity).
E.g., at 54Mbps 216 data bits encoded into into 288-bit
12/20/16
59
symbols.
802.11b HR-DSSS (High Rate Direct

Sequence Spread Spectrum)
11a and 11b shows a split in the standards
committee.
11b approved and hit the market before 11a.
Up to 11 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band using 11 million
chips/sec.
Note in this bandwidth all these protocols have to
deal with interference from microwave ovens,
cordless phones and garage door openers.
Range is 7 times greater than 11a.
11b and 11a are incompatible!!
12/20/16
60
802.11g OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing)
An attempt to combine the best of both
802.11a and 802.11b.

Supports bandwidths up to 54 Mbps.
Uses 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range.
Is backward compatible with 802.11b.
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61
12/20/16
62
802.11 - MAC layer
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory) DCF
Time-Bounded Service (optional) - PCF
Access methods
DCF--
CSMA/CA (mandatory)
collision avoidance via randomized back-off

mechanism
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for
broadcasts)
DCF-- w/
RTS/CTS (optional)
avoids hidden terminal problem

Exposed Station Problem
PCF (optional)
12/20/16
accessProf.
point
terminals according to a list
Bhagirathipolls
V AIT,Bangalore
63
802.11 - CSMA/CA
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
next frame
t
slot time
station
ready to send starts sensing the

medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear
Channel Assessment)
if the medium is free for the duration of an
Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the station can start
sending (IFS depends on service type)
if the medium is busy, the station has to wait
for a free IFS, then the station must additionally
wait a random back-off time (collision
avoidance, multiple
slot-time)
12/20/16
Prof. Bhagirathi V of
AIT,Bangalore
64
802.11 CSMA/CA
example
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
boe bor
station1
DIFS
boe bor
boe busy
boe busy
boe bor
boe busy
boe bor
boe busy
station2
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
t
busy
12/20/16
medium not idle (frame, ack etc.)
boe elapsed backoff time
packet arrival at MAC
bor residual backoff time
65
802.11 RTS/CTS
station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS
(reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
DIFS
sender
RTS
data
SIFS
receiver
other
stations
12/20/16
CTS SIFS
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
defer access
data
t
contention
66
Hidden Terminal
Problem
A
Hidden terminals
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A sends to B, C cannot detect As transmission

C wants to send to B, C senses a free medium (CS fails)
Collision at B, A cannot detect the collision (CD fails)
A is hidden for C
67
Exposed Terminal
Problem
A
Exposed terminals
B sends to A, C wants to send to D

C senses carrier, finds medium in use and has to wait
A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is
not necessary
C is exposed to B
12/20/16
68
To
deal with these two problems

802.11 supports two modes of
operation DCF (Distributed
Coordination Function) and PCF
(Point Coordination Function).
All
implementations must
support DCF, but PCF is optional.
12/20/16
69
12/20/16
70
802.11 - PCF I
t0 t1
SuperFrame
medium busy PIFS

D1
point
SIFS
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
12/20/16
SIFS
SIFS
D2
SIFS
U1
U2
NAV
71
802.11 - PCF II
t2
point
coordinator
PIFS
D3
12/20/16
D4
t4
CFend
SIFS
U4
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
SIFS
t3
NAV
contention free period
contention
period
72
The Hidden Terminal

Problem
Wireless
stations have
transmission ranges and not all
stations are within radio range of
each other.
Simple CSMA will not work!
C transmits to B.
If A senses the channel, it will
not hear Cs transmission and
falsely conclude that A can begin a
transmission to B.
12/20/16
73
The Exposed Station

Problem
This
is the inverse problem.

B wants to send to C and listens to
the channel.
When B hears As transmission, B
falsely assumes that it cannot send
to C.
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74
Distribute Coordination
Function (DCF)
Uses CSMA/ CA (CSMA with Collision
Avoidance).
1.
2.
12/20/16
Uses both physical and virtual carrier

sensing.
Two methods are supported:
based on MACAW(Multiple Access

with Collision Avoidance for
Wireless) with virtual carrier
sensing.
1-persistent physical carrier
sensing.
75
Wireless LAN Protocols

MACA protocol solved hidden, exposed terminal:
Send Ready-to-Send (RTS) and

Clear-to-Send (CTS) first
RTS, CTS helps determine who else
is in range or busy (Collision
avoidance).
Can a collision still occur?
12/20/16
76
Wireless LAN Protocols

MACAW added ACKs and CSMA (no RTS at
same time)
(a) A sending an RTS to B.(b) B responding with a

CTS to A.
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77
Virtual Channel Sensing in

CSMA/CA
Figure 4-27. The use of virtual channel sensing using

CSMA/CA.
C (in range of A) receives the RTS and based on
information in RTS creates a virtual channel
busy NAV(Network Allocation Vector).
D (in range of B) receives the CTS and creates a
shorter NAV.
12/20/16
78
Virtual Channel Sensing in

CSMA/CA
What is the advantage of RTS/CTS?
RTS is 20 bytes, and CTS is 14 bytes.
MPDU can be 2300 bytes.
virtual implies source station sets duration
field in data frame or in RTS and CTS
frames.
Stations then adjust their NAV accordingly!
12/20/16
79
Figure 4-28.Fragmentation in
802.11
High wireless error rates long packets have

less probability of being successfully transmitted.
Solution: MAC layer fragmentation with stop-andwait protocol on the fragments.
12/20/16
80
12/20/16
81
LAN Technologies
Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (MACA)
other node in
senders range
sender
RTS
receiver
other node in
receivers range
CTS
data
ACK
Before every data transmission

Sender sends a Request to Send (RTS) frame
containing the length of the transmission
Receiver respond with a Clear to Send (CTS)
frame
Sender sends data
Receiver sends an ACK; now another sender
can send data
12/20/16
Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore
When senderProf.doesnt
get a CTS back, it
82
1-Persistent Physical
Carrier Sensing
Station senses the channel when it
wants to send.
If idle, station transmits.
Station does not sense channel while
transmitting.
If the channel is busy, station defers

until idle and then transmits.
Upon collision, wait a random time
using binary exponential backoff.
12/20/16
83
Point Coordinated Function

(PCF)
PCF
uses a base station to poll other

stations to see if they have frames
to send.
No collisions occur.
Base station sends beacon frame
periodically.
Base station can tell another station
to sleep to save on batteries and
base stations holds frames for
sleeping station.
12/20/16
84
DCF and PCF CoExistence
Distributed and centralized control can coexist using InterFrame Spacing.

SIFS (Short IFS) :: is the time waited
between packets in an ongoing dialog
(RTS,CTS,data, ACK, next frame)
PIFS (PCF IFS) :: when no SIFS response,
base station can issue beacon or poll.
DIFS (DCF IFS) :: when no PIFS, any station
can attempt to acquire the channel.
EIFS (Extended IFS) :: lowest priority
interval used to report bad or unknown
frame.
12/20/16
85
Figure 4-29. Interframe Spacing in 802.11.
12/20/16
86

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What is a Wireless LAN

wireless local area network(LAN)

technology, wireless LANs transmit

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

The Advantages and Disadvantages of

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

speed and simplicity

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

The network goes where wires cannot.

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

Mobile devices are less expensive than

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Benefits of Wireless LAN

Small number of users with local needs.

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

more than wired network cards.

Access points pick up the signals of

adjacent access points or overpower

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

can transmit without lost packets

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Practical Use of Wireless

sharing, and web browsing.

for collaborative class activities.

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Practical Use of Wireless

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Practical Use of Wireless

Electronic food orders for pickup or from

table. (Then Pay Electronically)

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Practical Use of Wireless

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Infrastructure vs. Ad hoc

AP: Access Point

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Access Point (AP)

Base station that communicates with

the wireless hosts

Basic Service Set (BSS)

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Infrastructure Based -WLAN

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Wireless hosts are associated with a base station

Wireless hosts have no infrastructure to connect to

in spirit to the difference between

Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore

Different Types of Wireless

Single hop Base station connected

No wired network; one

No base station exists,