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Fuzzy inference
The most commonly used fuzzy inference technique
is the so-called Mamdani method. In 1975,
Professor Ebrahim Mamdani of London University
built one of the first fuzzy systems to control a
steam engine and boiler combination. He applied a
set of fuzzy rules supplied by experienced human
operators.
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x
y
z
is
is
is
A3
B1
C1
is A2
y is B2
z is C2
Rule: 1
IF
project_funding is adequate
OR
project_staffing is small
THEN risk is low
Rule: 2
IF
project_funding is marginal
AND project_staffing is large
THEN risk is normal
Rule: 3
Rule: 3
IF
x is A1
project_funding is inadequate
C3
THEN risk is high
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IF
THEN
is
Step 1: Fuzzification
The first step is to take the crisp inputs, x1 and y1
(project funding and project
staffing), and determine
the degree
to which these inputs belong to each of the
appropriate fuzzy sets.
Crisp Input
x1
1
0.5
0.2
0
A1
A2
x1
Crisp Input
A3
(x =A1) = 0.5
(x =A2) = 0.2
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1 B1
0.7
0.1
0
B2
y1
(y =B1) = 0.1
(y =B2) = 0.7
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A3
B1
0.1
0.0
0
x1
y1
y is B1 (0.1)
A2
0
x1
B2
0
y1
A1
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AND
(min)
Y
C3
z is C1 (0.1)
0.2
C1
C2
THEN
z is C2 (0.2)
C2
THEN
Intelligent Systems and Soft Computing
C3
Z
1
0.5 C1
C2
0.5
x1
0.1
THEN
0.7
0.2
X
OR
(max)
C1
C3
Z
z is C3 (0.5)
8
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10
Degree of
Membership
1.0
C2
C2
0.2
0.0
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0.2
0.0
11
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12
C1
C2
0.5
C3
0.2
0.1
0
z isC1 (0.1)
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z isC2 (0.2)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0
Z
zis C3 (0.5)
13
Step 4: Defuzzification
The last step in the fuzzy inference process is
defuzzification. Fuzziness helps us to evaluate the
rules, but the final output of a fuzzy system has to be
a crisp number. The input for the defuzzification
process is the aggregate output fuzzy set and the
output is a single number.
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14
COG
x x dx
a
b
x dx
a
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15
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
150
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a
160
170
180
190
200
210
16
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
67.4
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80
90
100
Z
17
18
x is A
AND y is B
THEN z is f (x, y)
19
x is A
AND
y is B
THEN z is k
where k is a constant.
In this case, the output of each fuzzy rule is constant.
All consequent membership functions are represented
by singleton spikes.
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20
A3
B1
0.1
0.0
0
x1
Rule 1: IF x is A3 (0.0)
y1
OR yis B1 (0.1)
A2
0
x1
y1
A1
k1
z is k1 (0.1)
0.2
0
k2
z is k2 (0.2)
THEN
1
0.5
0
AND
(min)
0.5
x1
B2
0
0.1
THEN
0.7
0.2
X
OR
(max)
THEN
Intelligent Systems and Soft Computing
k3
z is k3 (0.5)
21
0.5
0.5
0.1
0
0.2
k1
z isk1 (0.1)
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k2
z isk2 (0.2)
k3
z isk3 (0.5)
0.2
k1
k2
k3
22
65
( k1) ( k2) ( k3)
0.1 0.2 0.5
Sugeno-style defuzzification
z1
Crisp Output
z1
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23
24
curve
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Intelligent Systems25
and Soft Computing
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Overall
input-output
curve
Intelligent
Systems26
and Soft Computing
positive large
Intelligent Systems27
and Soft Computing
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Intelligent Systems30
and Soft Computing
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Intelligent Systems31
and Soft Computing
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Intelligent Systems32
and Soft Computing
Example 2:
Two-input single output fuzzy model with 4 rules
R1: if X is small & Y is small then z = -x +y +1
R2: if X is small & Y is large then z = -y +3
R3: if X is large & Y is small then z = -x +3
R4: if X is large & Y is large then z = x + y + 2
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Intelligent Systems33
and Soft Computing
Intelligent Systems34
and Soft Computing
35
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36
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37
38
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39
VS
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Mean Delay (normalised)
40
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
41
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Repair Utilisation Factor
42
VS
RS
RL
VL
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Number of Spares (normalised)
43
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44
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VS
RL
RS
VL
VS
45
Rule
Rule
VS
VS
10
VS
19
VS
VL
VS
11
VS
20
VS
12
VS
21
VS
VS
13
VS
RS
22
VS
VS
14
23
VS
15
VS
24
VS
16
VS
25
VS
RL
17
RS
26
VS
18
27
RS
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Rule Base 1
1. If (utilisation_factor is L) then (number_of_spares is S)
2. If (utilisation_factor is M) then (number_of_spares is M)
3. If (utilisation_factor is H) then (number_of_spares is L)
4. If (mean_delay is VS) and (number_of_servers is S) then (number_of_spares is VL)
5. If (mean_delay is S) and (number_of_servers is S) then (number_of_spares is L)
6. If (mean_delay is M) and (number_of_servers is S) then (number_of_spares is M)
7. If (mean_delay is VS) and (number_of_servers is M) then (number_of_spares is RL)
8. If (mean_delay is S) and (number_of_servers is M) then (number_of_spares is RS)
9. If (mean_delay is M) and (number_of_servers is M) then (number_of_sp ares is S)
10. If (mean_delay is VS) and (number_of_servers is L) then ( number_of_spares is M)
11. If (mean_delay is S) and (number_of_servers is L) then ( number_of_spares is S)
12. If (mean_delay is M) and (number_of_servers is L) then ( number_of_spares is VS)
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47
s
L
M
S
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
S
S
VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
H
VS VS VS
M
L
VS
S
M
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
RS
VL
VS
s
L
RS
RS
VS
VS
VS
VS
s
S
RL
m
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49
50
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
number_of_servers
51
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
utilisation_factor
52
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
number_of_servers
53
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
utilisation_factor
54
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55
RS
RL
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
56
s
L
RL
M
RS
S
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
S
S
VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
S
S
VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
VS VS VS
H
VS VS VS
M
L
VS
S
M
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
VS
S VS
VS
VS
VS
RS
RS
VS
RS VS
RL
VS
RS VL
RL
VS
VS
M VS
VS
VS
S VL
VS
RS
RS
RS
RL
RL RL
s
S
M RS
RS
m
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0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
number_of_servers
58
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
mean_delay
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0.2
0
utilisation_factor
59
60
61