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Pipe

Appurtenances

Pipe Appurtenances are


the number of fixtures
which are provided at
variable suitable places
along the pipe line in order
to isolate & drain the pipe
sections for tests,
inspections, cleaning &
repairs.

These include
Sluice valve,
Air relief valve,
Non-return valve,
Scour valve,
Pressure relief valve,
Fire hydrants,
Water meter, etc.

1. Sluice valve or Gate


valve

Used to regulate flow.


opens by lifting a round or rectangular

gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.


Placed at an interval of 3 to 5 Km.
Isolate single section for repair,
maintenance etc.
Usually placed at summits.
Valve may be made up of cast iron with
brass, bronze or stainless steel
mountings.
valves are used when minimum restric
tion is desired.

A globe valve is a
type of valve used for
regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of
a movable disk-type
element and a
stationary ring seat in
a generally spherical
body

Globe
Valve

Air
Relie
f
Valve
:

Generally placed at summits on both

sides of sluice valves.


When placed on summits which are near
or sometimes above H.G. line, they
ensure safety of pipe against collapse.
When placed below ordinary sluice valve
they protect pipe against -ve pressure.
This valve will open out automatically as
soon as pressure falls below certain
value.
When used at summit this removes
accumulated air.

Reflux valve or Check


valve or Non return valve

Butterfly
valve

They prevent water to flow back in

opposite direction.
They are installed on delivery side of
pumping set so as to prevent back flow
of pumped water when flow is stopped to
reduce water hammer forces on pumps.
Swing type of check valve consists of a
flap which opens only in one direction.
A butterfly valve is quarter-turn valves in
which when opened, the disc is rotated a
quarter turn so that it allows an almost
unrestricted passage of the fluid.

Scour valve or Drain


valve
These are installed at low

levels to completely remove


water from pipe lines.
Complete emptying of pipe
lines is required for
inspection, repairs and
maintenance.

Pressure relief valves

Installed to reduce water hammer

pressure.
Valve opens out when pressure in
pipe exceeds a certain
predetermined value.
Due to opening of valve certain
amt. of water enters pipeline
reducing pressure in pipe line.
They are provided on upstream
side of Sluice valve and at suitable
interval.

Fire
Hydrant
s

Hydrant is an outlet

provided in water
distribution main for
taping water during
emergencies.
Fire hydrants are

provided at street
crossings, turnings
& 90 to 120 m in
straight runs.

For fire extinguishing water is

required at much higher pressure


which is obtained by attaching
hydrant outlet to fire engine.

Available pressure at hydrant


should be:
7 to 14 m head

of water when
motor pump is
used.

35 to 15 m head

of water when
direct flow from
hydrant is used.

Requirements of good
hydrant:

It should easily

connect to hose
or motor pump
ALSO it should be
easily detachable.

It should not

get out of order


during
operation.
On being fully

It should be

cheap.

opened it should
allow
undisturbed
water flow.

There are two types of fire


hydrants which are commonly
used

1.Post fire hydrant &


2.Flush fire hydrant

Post fire
hydrant:
It consists of
barrel of cast
iron @ 0.9 to
1.2 m high
standing above
ground with
connection to
street main.

There is a valve stem having a leather


valve at its lower end which is connected
to a handle at its top to regulate flow.

In closed position leather


valve rests against valve seat
For opening the hydrant handle is
rotated so that leather valve is
raised up & thereby admitting
water The
into hydrant
barrel. may have 1 to 4
openings which are spaced
around periphery of hydrant
barrel.

Flush fire hydrant

It is
installe
d under
ground
in brick
or cast
iron
with its
top
slightly
above
street
level

Flush hydrant can be made


recognizable by attaching a plate
to on some nearby object.
Flush fire
hydrant being
underground are
difficult to be
searched but are
less prone to
damage by
roguish people.

Flush hydrants
generally have
only one outlet
opening in the
side of moving
stem.

Water meters
Water meter are
the devices used
for measuring
quantity of water
flowing under
pressure through
a pressure
conduit.

This measurement
of quantity of
water supplied to
general public is
necessary to
charge consumer
as per water
supplied to them.

Requirements of good water


meter
It should record

entire water even


small discharge
passing through it.
It should work

efficiently at all
pressures.

It should measure

discharge within
permissible limits.
Maintenance &

repair should be
easy.

It should cause minimum

obstruction to flow & reducing head


loss.

Distribution
System

Requirements of good
distribution system:

It should be capable of supplying water

at all intended places within city at


reasonably sufficient pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying required

amount of water for fire fighting.


It should be cheap with least capital

construction cost.
It should be simple & easy to operate
& repair, also safe against bursting.

Layout of distribution
networks
1. Dead end

system
2. Grid iron
system
3. Ring system
4. Radial system

1.Dead end or tree system


There is only one main supply line from

which no. of sub mains originates.


Each sub main then divides into
several branch pipes called laterals.
From each lateral service

connections are given to consumers.


This type of layout is suitable for

localities which expand irregularly


in hap hazardous manner.

Advantages: 1. Cheap & simple


2. Shorter pipe lengths are reqd.
3. Lesser cut-off valves.
4. Distribution network can be solved easily.

Disadvantages:
1. No. of dead ends
prevent free circulation of water which leads
to water stagnation & degradation of water
quality.
2. During fire fighting discharge cannot be
increased because water is reaching from
one source & in one direction.
3. Any damage or repair will completely stop
water supply in area being fed by that pipe.

2. Grid Iron system


In this system mains, sub mains &

all branches i.e. laterals are


interconnected with each other.
This system is suitable for well

planned city in which roads are


developed in grid iron pattern.

Advantages: 1. In
case of repairs only
small area is affected.
2. During fire more
water can be diverted
towards affected
area.
3. Dead ends are
eliminated.
4. Pipe size gets
reduced as discharge
& friction loss through
each pipe is less.

Disadvantage: 1.
This system of pipe
lines require more
length of pipe &
more no. of sluice
valves.
2. It is costlier.
3. Design is difficult.
Calculations for
determining
pressure & pipe
dimensions are
tedious.

3. Ring or circular system


A closed ring either circular or

rectangular, of main pipes is formed


around area to be served.
Main pipe lines are placed along

periphery
This system is suitable for cities or

towns having well planned roads.


Advantages & disadvantages are same
as that of grid iron system.

4. Radial system
This system is suitable for localities

having radial road system emerging


from different centers.
Water from mains is pumped into
distribution reservoirs placed at
different centers & then supplied to
consumers.
This system ensures High pressure &
efficient water distribution.
Design & calculations are simple.

Methods of distribution:
1. Gravitational system,
2. Pumping system,
3. Combined gravity and

pumping system.

Systems of supply
1. Continuous supply

system
2. Intermittent supply
system

Disadvantages of
intermittent supply system
1. Wastage of water due to storing
2. Fire risk during non supply period.
3. Inconvenience to consumers.
4. Bigger distribution mains.
5. Suction created due to partial vacuum

created introduces dirt from surroundings


into pipes, which leads to contamination.
6. Additional watch & ward staff.

Types of distribution
reservoirs
1. Surface reservoirs.
2. Elevated

reservoirs

Surface Reservoir

Elevated Reservoirs

Storage capacity of
distribution reservoir
It consists of
1.Balancing storage
2.Breakdown storage
3.Fire storage

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