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Drainage Works
Introduction
An outlet is a hydraulic structure conveying irrigation
Canal Outlet
Tail cluster
The outlet must carry its fair share of silt from parent
channel
Types of Outlets
Non-Modular Outlets
It is one in which the discharge is dependent upon the
difference of head in water course and parent channel.
Hence, a variation in either affects the discharge.
Semi-Modular (Flexible)
It is one in which the discharge depends upon the water
level in distributary only and is independent of water level
in water course.
This is achieved by producing hydraulic jump within the
flume length.
Types of Outlets
Semi-Modular
Modular
(Flexible)
(Rigid)
Non-Modular
Pipe or
Barrel Type,
with
drowned
flow at d/s
Scratchley
outlet
(a pipe type,
with a
cistern d/s)
Weir-Type
Orifice-Type
(OSM)
Harvey
Stoddard
outlet
Kennedy
Gauge
Outlet
Crumps
open
flume
outlet
Crumps
adjustable
proportion
al module
Jamrao
type open
flume
(Crumps APM)
Adjustable
orifice
semi
module
Gibbs module
Khanna module
Ghafoor rigid
flume module
Ope
n
flum
e
Orific
e
Pipe outlet
Ref:. http://www.scribd.com/doc/113998814/6/CANAL-OU
Harveys Outlet
Gibbs Module
CANAL OUTLETS
Non-Modular Outlets: Pipe Outlet
dQ/Q
dD/D
dH/H
dq/q
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
Flexibility
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
(3)15
CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
2. Proportionality
(3)
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
3. Setting
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
4. Hyper Proportional Outlet
(4)
(4)
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
(5)
(5)
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CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
(6)
20
CANAL OUTLETS
Important Definitions
(6)
(6)
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Characteristic of Outlets
Flexibility: It is defined as the ratio of rate of change of
discharge in outlet to the rate of change of discharge in
parent channel.
F = (dq/q)/(dQ/Q)
= (m/n)(D/H)
(H/D) is the setting of an outlet
n is exponent of discharge eq (Q=K1Dn) for canal & m is exponent of discharge
eq (q=K2Hm) for outlet. For Trap. channel with :1 side slope, n is 5/3, and for
open flume outlet m is 2/3. Therefore, F =0.9 D/H. If we set the crest of outlet
at 0.9D depth below water level, then F will be 1 & the outlet will be
proportional outlet.
If F=1
If F>1
If F<1
Proportional
Hyper-proportional
Sub-proportional
Characteristic of Outlets
Sensitivity: It is the ratio of rate of change of discharge of
an outlet to the rate of change in the level of distributary
water surface, i.e. normal depth of channel
S = (dq/q)/(dG/D)
S = nF
n = 5/3 for wide trapezoidal channel with side slope :1
Characteristic of Outlets
Efficiency: It is equal to the ratio of the head recovered
(or the residual head after the losses in the outlet) to the
input head of the water flowing through the outlet.
Modular Range:
Characteristic of Outlets
Coefficient of Discharge:
Characteristic of Outlets
Adjustability: The adjustment of module may range from
complete reconstruction to the provision of some
mechanical arrangement by which readjustment can be
made at little cost. Readjustments are required in view of
the revision of areas under command and because of
change conditions in the distributary.
Q = C Bt H3/2
2.90
2.95
3.00
D=5
B=38
= 0.9 D
= 3.15 ft
Head above crest of outlet = 3.15 ft
Throat Width:
q= CdBtG3/2
q= 2.9BtG3/2
4=2.9Bt(3.15)3/2
Assuming Cd = 2.9
Radius of Transition:
R = 2 G=6.30 ft
Setting Back:
D/S Transition:
The slope of d/s glacis (1:10 to 1:15) is not defined as it
depend upon the bed level of the water course.
(m=3/2, n=5/3)
F=(m/n) (D/G)
=(3/2/5/3)(1/0.9)
=1
Sensitivity:
S = nF
= 5/3 F = 5/3
Efficiency:
=100xHead recovered/Head put in
=100x(Head put in-Working head)/Head put in
=100 x (3.15-1)/3.15= 68.25%
roof
block and check plates on either side are used to adjust
the flow and is set in a masonry structure
This outlet works as a semi-module since it does not
depend upon the level of water in the watercourse.
The roof block is fixed to the check plates by bolts which
can be removed and depth of the outlet adjusted after
the masonry is dismantled.
This type of outlet cannot be easily tampered with and at
the same time be conveniently adjusted at a small cost.
The APM is the best type of outlet if the required working
head (MMH) is available and is the most economical in
adjustment either by raising or lowering the roof block or
crest. However, it is generally costlier than the other
types of outlets and also requires more working head.
Roof Block
FSL
Hs
V
Hm,
Hw
J
Y
Tail Cluster
CANAL OUTLETS
Step-II
Fixation of Maximum Length of Water Course
41
CANAL OUTLETS
Step-III
Determination of Water Level at the Outlet Head
i.
ii. Fix Suitable Slope of the Water course depending upon the
soil.
iii. Determine Water Level at the Head of the Water Course based
upon the assumed slope.
iv. Assume appropriate minimum Working Head (normally 0.1 m)
v.
CANAL OUTLETS
Step-III
Determination of Water Level at the Outlet Head
43
CANAL OUTLETS
Step-IV
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-1
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-2
H=h+y
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-2
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-3
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-4
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CANAL OUTLETS
Example-5
4
50
When the bed levels of the Canal and Drainage are same, they are
allowed to mix and controlled water is supplied to the Irrigation.
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If the bed level of irrigation canal is higher than the High Flood
Level (HFL) of the Drain, then canal is taken above the Drain.
This type of CDWs are called Aqueduct.
When the bed level of the Drainage is much above the canal
bed level (or FSL), then Drain is taken above the canal, such a
Cross Drainage Work is called Super Passage. Enclosed figure
shows the plan and sectional views of the super passage. This
is the just opposite to the Aqueduct.
When the bed level of canals and the Drain are approximately
the same level and quality of water in canal and Drain is not
much different, such a cross Drainage works is called level
Crossing, where water of canal and stream is allowed to
maximum.
Stone pitching is required at the inlet and outlet. The bed and
banks between inlet and outlet are also protected by stone
pitching.
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Thank you