Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
MAGNETISM
PHENOMENON OF ATTRACTION OF SMALL BITS OF IRON ,
COBALT, NICKEL ETC. TOWARDS THE ORE IS CALLED
MAGNETISM.
A BAR MAGNET IS THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE, WHICH SHOWS
ABILITY TO ATTRACT MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES SUCH AS IRON
NICKEL AND COBALT.
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1.
2.
In the plane of
paper
3.
4.
5.
6.
From this law , we conclude that monopole does not exist in case of
a magnet i.e. why total pole strength inside the closed surface
M = m1 + m2
=mm
=0
10
11
12
13
14
15
BV = B Sin (2)
16
tan = BV / BH ...(4)
Where B is the total intensity of earths magnetic field.
17
r = m 0
3. Intensity of magnetisation ( I ): It represents
/ the extent to which
18
I=M/V
Where M is the magnetic dipole moment and V is the volume.
The S.I. unit of intensity of magnetisation is Ampere /meter.
4. Magnetising Intensity (H)/Magnetising Force : it is the degree to
which a magnetic field can magnetise a material.
H = B0 / 0
5. Magnetic Induction (B) : it is the no. of lines crossing per unit area
along perpendicular direction.
B = 0 ( H + I)
19
=I/H
The relative permeability is related with magnetic susceptibility as
= 1+
r
20
21
S.No Property
Diamagnetic
substances
Paramagnetic
substances
Ferromagnetic
substances
1.
Effect of
magnets
They are
They are feebly
feebly repelled attracted by
by magnets
magnets
2.
In external
Acquire feeble
magnetic field magnetisation
in the opposite
direction of
magnetising
field.
Acquire feeble
magnetisation
in the direction
of the
magnetising
field.
Acquire strong
magnetisation in
the direction of
the magnetising
field.
3.
In a nonTend to move
uniform
slowly from
magnetic field stronger to
weaker parts
of the field
Tend to move
slowly from
weaker to
stronger parts
of the field
Tend to move
quickly from
weaker to
stronger parts of
the field
They are
strongly
attracted by
magnets
22
Diamagnetic
liquid in
Magnetic Field
Paramagnetic &
Ferromagnetic
liquid in
Magnetic Field
23
S.No Property
Diamagnetic
substances
Paramagnetic
substances
Ferromagnetic
substances
4.
In a uniform
magnetic field
A freely
suspended
rod alligns
itself
perpendicular
to the field.
A freely
suspended rod
alligns itself
parallel to the
field.
A freely
suspended rod
alligns itself
parallel to the
field.
5.
Succesptibility
value
Small and
negative
-1<m<0
Slightly greater
than 1
1<m<1+
6.
Relative
permeability
Slightly less
than 1
0<r<1
Slightly greater
than 1
1<r<1+
Of the order of
thousands
r >1000
24
Diamagnetic
bar in
Magnetic
Field
Paramagnetic &
Ferromagnetic
bar in Magnetic
Field
25
Permeability of
Diamagnetic
specimen
Permeability of
Paramagnetic &
Ferromagnetic
specimen
26
S.No Property
Diamagnetic
substances
Paramagnetic
substances
Ferromagnetic
substances
7.
Effect of
temperature
m is
independent
of temp.
m varies
inversely with
temp. m 1/T
m varies
inversely with
temp. m 1/T
8.
Removal of
magnetising
field
Magnetisation
lasts as long
as the
magnetising
field is
applied.
Magnetisation
lasts as long as
the
magnetising
field is applied.
Magnetisation is
retained even
after the
magnetising field
is removed.
9.
Variation of M
with H
M varies
linearly with H
M varies
linearly with H
but attains
saturation at
low
temperature
M varies non
linearly with H
and attains
saturation
ultimately.
27
Curies Law:
According to this law the magnetic susceptibility of
paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials varies
reciprocal to the absolute temperature of substance (T).
` 1/T
30
S.No Property
Diamagnetic
substances
Paramagnetic
substances
Ferromagnetic
substances
10.
Hysteresis
effect
No hysteresis
No hysteresis
Shows
hysteresis
11.
Physical state
of material
Solid, liquid or
gas
Solid, liquid or
gas
Only solids
12.
Examples
Bi, Cu
Al, Na
Fe, Ni
31
HYSTERESIS
32
HYSTERESIS
It means lagging behind.
Residual Retentivity: It is the value of intensity of
magnetisation for which magnetic induction becomes
zero. Here it is Q point.
Coercivity : It is the value of magnetic induction in
reverse direction for which intensity of magnetisation
becomes zero. Here it is R point.
33
34
35
36