Chapter 13

Third Edition
ANTHONY GIDDENS MITCHELL DUNEIER RICHARD APPELBAUM DEBORA CARR

Slides created by Shannon Anderson, Roanoke College
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life

1
Important topics
The emergence of the nation-state

Democratic systems of government
Terrorism
Social functions of work
Modern economies
The changing economy
2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.
Central terms
Government
Politics
Economy
In actuality, these three are inextricably linked.
Power and authority
Power is the ability to impose ones beliefs

or interests upon others, even in the face of
resistance.
Authority is the legitimate use of power.
Characteristics of a state
Organized government
Territory
Legal system
Military force
Nation-state
Modern form of state.
Has similar characteristics as a state, but also a
shared sense of peoplehood.
Nation-states are often associated with
nationalism.
Nation-states are characterized by legal
sovereignty and citizenship.
Nationalism
Quasi-religious identification with and loyalty
to the nation
Not always defined by shared territory, as in
religious nationalism
Sometimes made up of smaller groups within a
nation-statelocal nationalisms
Citizenship
All rights are not granted equally or fully to all
citizens
Civil rights
Political rights
Social rights
Map 13.1 Freedom in Global Perspective
Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
What is democracy?
Democracy means rule by the people.
Types:
Participatory democracy
Liberal democracy
Constitutional monarchy
Most nation-states are now republican,

meaning there is no king or queen.
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Communism vs. democracy

In the twentieth century, an ideological battle
was waged between communism and
democracy.
Communism is a system of one-party rule.
Control is of both the political and economic
systems.
In 1989 a series of democratic revolutions
swept communist regimes worldwide.
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Why the rise of democracy?

1. Democracy aligns well with capitalism, and
capitalism has been more successful than
communism economically.
2. Globalization has led to an imperative for
knowledge, which is more available under
democracy.
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Why the rise of democracy?

3. With increasing technologies and the spread
of knowledge, governmental control
declines.
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Democracy in the U.S.

The two-party system leads to a movement
toward the middle.
By 2010, though, polarization between parties
was very high and party affiliation continued to
decline.
Voting has declined from the 1960s forward, with
the exception of 2008.
Interest groups play an important role.
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Why is voter participation low?

No compulsory registration or voting
Registration required early, leaving many
citizens disqualified on Election Day
Two-party system leaves many voters
disaffected
Full slate of local, state, and national elections
can be overwhelming
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Theories of democracy
Democratic elitism
Pluralist theory
Power elite
Military-industrial complex
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Figure 13.1 Military spending in countries that spent at

least $5 billion a year on the military, 2008

Political identification
For each statement, please indicate how much you agree or disagree on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10
meaning you completely agree and 0 meaning you completely disagree, and 5 meaning you arent
sureYour
whether
you agree or disagree.
score ( 0 10)
1. Government has a responsibility to provide fi nancial support for the
poor, the sick, and the elderly. ________________
2. Government must step in to protect the national economy when the
market fails.
________________
3. Religious faith should focus more on promoting tolerance, social justice,
and peace in society and less on opposing abortion or gay rights.
________________
4. Cultural institutions, the arts, and public broadcasting play an important
role in our society and should receive government support.
________________
5. African Americans and other minority groups still lack the same
opportunities as whites in this country.
________________
6. Immigrants today are a burden on our country because they take our
jobs and abuse government benefits.
________________
7. The federal government should guarantee affordable health coverage
for every American.
________________
8. The gap between rich and poor should be reduced even if it means
higher taxes for the wealthy.
________________
9. Military force is the most effective way to combat terrorism and make
America safe. ________________
10. America must play a leading role in addressing climate change by
reducing our own greenhouse gas emissions and complying with
international agreements on global warning.
________________
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Political identification
The following chart shows some of the ways that Democrats, Independents, and Republicans differ in
their views. These responses are based on a national random sample survey of 1,400 Americans age 18
and older (Halpin and Agne 2009). How might you explain these differences? Can you conclude that
there is a causal relationship, such as being a Republican causes one to oppose national health care?
Or might the relationship be spurious, explained by some other social or demographic factor?
% who indicated agreement level of 6 or higher
Democrat
1. Government has a responsibility to provide financial support for the poor, the sick,
and the elderly.
Independent
Republican
84
65
51
75
51
43
71
63
38
65
48
33
60
46
36
6. Immigrants today are a burden on our country because they take our jobs and
abuse government benefits.
36
36
53
7. The federal government should guarantee affordable health coverage for every
American.
86
61
39
8. The gap between rich and poor should be reduced even if it means higher taxes for
the wealthy.
80
57
39
49
46
74
82
67
48
2. Government must step in to protect the national economy when the market fails.
3. Religious faith should focus more on promoting tolerance, social justice, and
peace in society and less on opposing abortion or gay rights.
4. Cultural institutions, the arts, and public broadcasting play an important role in our
society and should receive government support.
5. African Americans and other minority groups still lack the same opportunities as
whites in this country.
9. Military force is the most effective way to combat terrorism and make safe.
10. must play a leading role in addressing climate change by reducing our own
greenhouse gas emissions and complying
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
Source: Halpin and Agne 2009.
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Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of violent attacks on
civilians to create a climate of fear in the aim
of influencing policy.
Two basic types:
Old-style terrorism: local aims
New-style terrorism: global aims
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Work and economic life

The economy shapes much of social life.
Basic concepts:
Work
Occupation
Technology
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The importance of work

Work plays a role, not only in the economy,
but also in an individuals own life.
Paid and unpaid work are important in
providing meaning to life.
Formal economy
Informal economy
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Work in modern societies

Highly complex division of labor (DOL)
economic interdependence
Industrial work
Alienation
Industrial conflict
Strikes
Unions
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Capitalist economies
Economic system based on private ownership
and free markets
Most economies in modern societies are now
capitalistic.
Even true of economies in technically
communist states
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Modern corporations
Past 100 years have seen corporate growth and
the concentration of corporate capital.
200 largest U.S. financial firms account for over
50 percent of financial activity
We have a situation of oligopoly more than
monopoly.
High-level mergers and acquisitions further

this trend of consolidation.
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Global business
Transnational corporations operate across many
countries and now constitute more than 50 percent
of the world economy
The U.S. share of top transnationals is declining.
The rise of transnational business is intimately
related to recent improvements in technology,
especially transportation and communication.
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Figure 13.3 Where Does Your Car Come From?

Changes in the economy

Deskilling of workers
Decline in manual labor and manufacturing
work
Rise in white-collar and service work
Shift to knowledge economy
Increase in part-time work
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Figure 13.4 The Changing Occupational Structure

This concludes the Lecture

PowerPoint Presentation for
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at:
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/soc/essentials-of-sociology13/
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Independent and Employee-Owned
30
Clicker Questions
1. According to C. Wright Mills, the power elite is composed of
a. the heads of the nations biggest transnational corporations.
b. the top leadership of the military, the government, and
business.
c. the political leaders of the free world.
d. the wealthiest families around the globe.
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Clicker Questions
2. You walk into class ten minutes late and find your classmate Sunghoon
giving a presentation on politics and economic life. He discusses the need
for private ownership of the means of production; profit as incentive; free
competition for markets to sell goods, acquire cheap materials, and
utilize cheap labor; and expansion and investment to accumulate capital.
Based on these key points, what is Sunghoon giving his presentation on?
a. the essential features of capitalism
b. the essential features of socialism
c. the reasons why labor unions form
d. the reasons why Republicans have dominated public office since the
1970s
32
Clicker Questions
3. According to Marx, why does worker alienation increase under
capitalism?
a. Workers are paid less than before.
b. Work is physically harder and more complex.
c. Workers have little or no control over the creation and sale of
the goods they produce.
d. Increasing numbers of the workers are employed by
transnational corporations.
33
Clicker Questions
4. What is the informal economy?
a. It refers to domestic labor within the home.
b. It refers to transactions outside the sphere of regular
employment, sometimes involving the exchange of cash for
services provided, but also often involving the direct exchange
of goods and services.
c. It refers to transactions between small businesses.
d. It refers to the economy in traditional societies.
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Clicker Questions
5. What is terrorism?
a. groups of radical Muslims who wish to eliminate Western
culture through any means, including violence.
b. attacks on civilians designed to persuade a government to alter
its policies or to damage its standing in the world
c. any network of individuals that conspires to undermine the
authority of a government
d. attacks on civilian or military targets designed to create chaos
in specific areas, and thus weaken the power of a government
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Clicker Questions
6. What is the definition of a nation-state?
a. a government that lays claim to specific territories, legitimates
its authority by means of a legal system and supports its rule
by the control of armed forces
b. a government that issues passports, establishes customs and
tariffs and sets up border posts
c. a government that is able to institute a tax system that is seen
as legitimate by most of the population
d. a government that gains the recognition of other governments
as the sole legitimate ruler of a given territory
36
Clicker Questions
7. What are the three rights associated with the growth of
citizenship?
a. civil, political, and social rights
b. civil, voting, and welfare rights
c. civil, social, and economic rights
d. civil, human, and animal rights
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Art Presentation Slides

Chapter 13
Politics and Economic Life

Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr
Chapter Opener

Map 13.1 Freedom in Global Perspective

A U.S. Border Patrol agent drives along the wall that

Separates Nogales, Arizona, from Nogales, Sonora,
Mexico, on the U.S. and Mexican border.

The Barack Obama presidential campaign revolutionized

electoral politics with its use of the Internet for fundraising
and organizing.

Various health care advertisements from interest

groups lobbying Congress.

One of the most powerful women in United States politics,

Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-Cal).

Figure 13.1 Military spending in countries that spent at

least $5 billion a year on the military, 2008

An example of an old- style terrorist movement, these

Basque Nationalists are mostly concerned with territorial
control and the formation of states.

Factory workers at the Ford Motor Company assemble

a Model T automobile.

Figure 13.2 Number of Work Stoppages Involving

1,000 Workers or More, 19472004

Writers Guild of America members picket outside

Paramount Studios in Los Angeles during their 2008
labor strike.

Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of

their load in truck-size containers.

Figure 13.3 Where Does Your Car Come From?

Figure 13.4 The Changing Occupational Structure

Google headquarters. Knowledge-based companies, such

as Google, account for more than half of the business output
in developed countries.

Globalization and Everyday Life

W. W. Norton & Company

Independent and Employee-Owned
This concludes the Art Presentation Slides

Slide Set for Chapter 13
Essentials Of Sociology
THIRD EDITION
by
Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr

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Third Edition

ANTHONY GIDDENS MITCHELL DUNEIER RICHARD APPELBAUM DEBORA CARR

Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life

The emergence of the nation-state

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Power and authority

Power is the ability to impose ones beliefs

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Map 13.1 Freedom in Global Perspective

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Most nation-states are now republican,

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Communism vs. democracy

Why the rise of democracy?

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Why the rise of democracy?

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Democracy in the U.S.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Why is voter participation low?

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Figure 13.1 Military spending in countries that spent at

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Work and economic life

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

The importance of work

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Work in modern societies

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

High-level mergers and acquisitions further

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Figure 13.3 Where Does Your Car Come From?

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Changes in the economy

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Figure 13.4 The Changing Occupational Structure

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

This concludes the Lecture

W. W. Norton & Company

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Art Presentation Slides

Politics and Economic Life

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Map 13.1 Freedom in Global Perspective

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

A U.S. Border Patrol agent drives along the wall that

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

The Barack Obama presidential campaign revolutionized

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition