Anatomi Muskuloskeletal

Bagian 2
dr. Vidya

 Muscle Organization and Function

Muscle organization affects power, range
and speed of muscle movement
Fascicles
Muscle cells (fibers) are organized into bundles

Classification of Skeletal Muscles

By the way fascicles are organized
By relationships of fascicles to tendons

Muscle Terminology
Origin
proximal attachment
least moveable end
closest to the midline of the body

Insertion
distal attachment
most moveable end
furthest from the midline of the body

Action
The movement at the joint when the
muscle(s) contract

Fascicle Arrangement
Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Fibers
Four patterns of fascicle organization
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate
Circular

Levers
Levers
Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a
rigid, moving structure)
And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)

Muscles provide applied force (AF)

Required to overcome resistance (R)

Levers
Function of a lever is to change
Direction of an AF
Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF
Effective strength of an AF

The Three Classes of Levers

Depend on the relationship between applied force,
fulcrum, and resistance
First class, second class, and third class

First Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Types of Muscle--Actions
Prime mover (Agonist) muscle with the
major responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist muscle that opposes or reverses
a prime mover
Synergist muscle that aids a prime mover in
a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Direction of
Muscle
Fibers
Location

Action

Skeletal
Muscle

Origin
&
Insertion

Size

Shape

Number
Of
Origins

Direction of Muscle
Fibers
Relative to the Midline
RECTUS = parallel to
the midline
Rectus Abdominus

TRANSVERSE =
perpendicular to midline
Transverse
Abdominus

OBLIQUE = diagonal to
midline
External Oblique

Location
Structure near
which muscle is
found
FRONTALIS =
near FRONTAL
bone
OCCIPITALIS =
near OCCIPITAL
bone

Size
Relative Size of Muscle
MAXIMUS = largest
Gluteus Maximus

MEDIUS = middle
Gluteus Medius

MINIMUS = smallest
Gluteus Minimus

LONGUS = longest
Fibularis Longus

BREVIS = short
Fibularis Brevis

TERTIUS = shortest
Fibularis Tertius

Number of Origins
Number of tendons of
origin
BICEPS = Two
Biceps Brachii
Biceps Femoris

TRICEPS = Three
Triceps Brachii

QUADRICEPS = Four
Quadriceps
Femoris

Shape
Relative Shape of
the Muscle
DELTOID =
triangular shape
TRAPEZIUS =
trapezoid shape
SERRATUS =
saw-toothed
RHOMBOIDEUS
= rhomboid shape

TERES = round

Origin & Insertion

Origin
attachment to an
immoveable bone
Insertion
attachment to a
movable bone
ILIO COSTALIS=
attaches to the
ilium & ribs
(costal = ribs)

Action
NAME

ACTION

EXAMPLE

FLEXOR
EXTENSOR

Decrease angle at a joint

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Increase angle at a joint

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

ABDUCTOR

Move bone away from

midline

Abductor Pollicis Longus

ADDUCTOR
LEVATOR

Move bone toward midline

Adductor Longus

Produce upward movement

Levator Scapulae

DEPRESSOR

Produce downward
movement

Depressor Labii Inferioris

SUPINATOR

Turn palm upward/anterior

Supinator

PRONATOR

Turn palm
downward/posterior

Pronator Teres

Head & Neck Muscles

Muscles of the Axial

Skeleton

Muscles of the Axial

Skeleton
Intrinsic Muscles
Erector Spinae:
maintain posture of
back/extension
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

Oblique Muscles:
rotation of the
vertebrae
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

Muscles of Quiet
Respiration
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Internal Intercostals
deep breaths

Abdominal Muscles

External Obliques
Internal Obliques
Transverse Abdominus
Rectus Abdominus
(flexes vertebral
column)

Quadratus Lumborum

Muscles of Scapular
Stabilization
Trapezius:

Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Upward Rotation

Rhomboidretraction
Levator ScapularElevation
Pectoralis MajorProtraction
Serratus Anterior
Protraction

Anterior Muscles of
Shoulder
Deltoid
Whole muscle: Abduction
@ shoulder
Anterior part: flexion /
medial rotation
Posterior part: extension /
lateral rotation

Pectoralis Major
Flexion
Adduction
Medial Rotation

Biceps BrachiiFlexion

Posterior Muscles of
Shoulder
Teres Major
Adduction
Extension
Medial Rotation

Latissimus Dorsi
Adduction
Extension
Medial Rotation

Triceps Brachii
Extension

Muscles of the
Elbow/Forearm
Triceps Brachii
Extension
Bicep Brachii
Flexion
Supination

BrachialisFlexion
Brachioradialis
Flexion
Pronation

Pronator Teres
Pronator Quadratus
Supinator Longus

Muscles of the Wrist &

Hand
Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris
Flexor Carpi
Radialis
Flexor Digitorum
Extensor Carpi
Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi
Radialis
Extensor Digitorum
Anterior (Palmar) View

Posterior (Dorsal) View

Muscles of Hip:
Anterior Muscles
Medial/Adductor
Muscles:

Adductor Magnus
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Gracilis

Anterior Muscles
IliopsoasFlexion
Pectineus
Flexion

Sartorius
Flexion (knee)
Lateral Rotation (hip)

Muscles of Hip:
Gluteal Muscles
Gluteus Maximus
Extension
Gluteus Medius
Abduction
Gluteus Minimus
Abduction
Tensor Fasciae
Latae
** Gluteus Minimus is under the
Gluteus Medius

Flexion
Abduction

Muscles of Anterior
Thigh
Quadriceps
Rectus Femoris
Hip flexion
Knee extension

Vastus Lateralis
knee extension
Vastus Medialis
knee extension
Vastus Intermedius
knee extension
Sartorius
Hip & Knee Flexion
Lateral Hip Rotation

**Vastus Intermedius is
beneath Rectus Femoris

Muscles of Posterior
Thigh
Hamstrings
Responsible for
Knee Flexion &
Hip Extension
Semimembranosu
s
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris

Gastrocnemius
Knee Flexion

Muscles of the Lower

Leg
Anterior Compartment
Tibialis AnteriorDorsiflexion
& inversion
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Fibularis Tertiusdorsiflexion
& eversion

Posterior Compartment
Gastrocnemius
plantarflexion, knee flexion
Soleusplantarflexion

Lateral Compartment
Fibularis Longus
plantarflexion & eversion
Fibularis Brevis
plantarflexion & eversion

Temporomandibular Joint

Elbow Joint

Coxal Joint

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