Allele

Frequencie
s, Types of
Selection
& HardyWeinberg

Evolution of
Populations:
Chapter 16

Evolution of Populations
Notes
Tuesday, 2/21/12
Take out Notebook
Turn in: Natural Selection of
Antibiotic Resistance Lab and
Adaptation Project

Evolution of Populations
Notes

How is evolution defined in

genetic terms?
Evolution is any change in
the relative frequency of
alleles in the gene pool of a
population. (also called
microevolution)
Remember: Alleles
are different forms
of genes.

Microevolution: The

frequency of an allele in
a gene pool of a
population depends on
many factors and can
change over time.

Over long periods of

time, microevolution
can lead to
macroevolutionchange from one
species to another.

What is a GENE POOL?

A gene pool
is the
combined
genetic
information of
all members
of a particular
population.

www.darwinawards.com

What is relative
frequency?
The relative frequency of an

allele is the number of times that

allele occurs in a gene pool
compared with the number of
times other alleles occur.
Expressed in percent.

Relative Frequency
Practice!
In a population of 50 students, there

are 40 alleles for hitchhikers thumb

and 60 alleles for a straight thumb.
What is the relative frequency of
alleles for hitchhikers thumb?

40/100 = 0.40 = 40%

What is the relative frequency of

alleles for straight thumb?

60/100 = 0.60 = 60%

How do allele frequencies

change during evolution?
http://glencoe.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/cha
pter20/animation__mechanisms_of_evolution.html

How do allele frequencies change

during evolution?
1. Natural Selection which acts on the
phenotype rather than the genotype of an
organism.
2. Mutations (change in the DNA)
which are constantly being generated in a
gene pool.
3. Genetic Drift- Random change in allele
frequency.

4. Gene Flow- The movement of alleles into

or out of the gene pool.

Remind us: What is

Natural Selection?
Individuals with favorable
genetic variations will survive
and reproduce. Individuals that
lack adaptations will most likely
die before they ever reproduce.
Thus, alleles that are
favorable will become more
common and those that are

Remind us: What are

Mutations?

Changes in the DNA and therefore in the

genes!

Genetic Drift is random

change in allele frequencies in
small populations.

Genetic Drift is usually

caused by natural disasters

like a fire or flood.

Genetic Drift can cause

evolution due to chance

rather than natural selection.

Genetic Drift causes

the founder effect- when a migration
of a small subgroup of a population
causes a change in allele frequencies.
(also called bottleneck affect)

Imagine: The Island of Bio

Students!

Genetic Drift often leads to

a decrease in variation.
Based on this info and what you
know about evolution, do you think
genetic drift will help a population
survive or will it cause the
population to go extinct? Why?

Remember: Populations with less

variation are likely to go extinct!
Cheetahs in Africa are one of the most
extreme examples of genetic drift. The
Cheetahs alive today are the descendants
of only a few cheetahs. This means that
Cheetahs are VERY genetically similar.
They have less
resistance to
disease and are
more likely to go
extinct.

Lizard Evolution on
Islands shows genetic
drift in action!
http://www.futurity.org/science-

technology/lizards-evolution-keeps-ancestorsclose/

Gene Flow:
the movement
of alleles into
or out of a
population.

Immigrants
add new alleles.
Emigrants take
alleles away
Gene Flow
Animation:

http://nortonbooks.c
om/college/biology/a

Non-random Mating when females

prefer one phenotype over another. Also
called sexual selection.
Sexual Selection can
cause sexual

dimorphism: when
males and females of
the same species look
noticeably different
from each other

Example of sexual selection:

Peacocks

Female peacocks
prefer males with
bright beautiful tails,
so over time male
peacocks have
evolved to have very
showy tails.
Scientists have linked
female preference to
important traits such
as health, size, and
strength. In peacocks,
scientists have linked
tail size and color to
nutrition.

This means that

females do not just
want to mate with a
male with a pretty
tail for the look of
him- females want to
mate with males
with pretty tails
because they could
have only produced
this tail if he was
able to find
nutritious food. The
female wants a male
who is healthy

Sexual Selection and natural

selection may often operate in
opposing directions
Males have traits like showy
plumage in spite of their potential
costs such as increased visibility to
predators.

Reminder: When reading

and answering questions out
of the book.

READ CAREFULLY!!!!!!!
Dont just copy the
sentences in bold.
Try to understand what
the question is asking
and answer it!

If evolution is change in
allele frequency in a
population, what if some
alleles are lethal?
Will the population
survive? Will the alleles
stay in the population?

Allele Frequencies and

Sickle Cell Anemia
Students know why

alleles that are lethal in a

homozygous individual
may be carried in a
heterozygote and thus
maintained in a gene pool.

How Sickle Cell Works

Sickle Cell and Pain

Malaria Infects Red

Blood Cells

A Mutation Story
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.h
tml
1. What is the name of the deadly disease?
2. What causes Malaria?
3. How is having one mutated gene beneficial to Africans?
4. How many genes does an individual need to have to

express sickle cell anemia?

5. How can a mutation be harmful in one environment and

helpful in another?

6. Why would a mutation persist if it kills people?

7. Why are there more people with sickle cell anemia in

one part of the world than in other parts?

Allele Frequency and

Sickle Cell Anemia Lab
Weds-Thurs, Feb. 2/22-2/23

Allele Frequency and

Sickle Cell Anemia
Background Info
Read popcorn style!

Friday, 2/24/12
Warm-Up: Write down
Table of Contents!
Finish LAB!

CHECK THE WEBSITE FOR

ASSIGNMENTS!!!
Go to www.mahs.org
STUDENTS
CLASSES/HOMEWORK
SCIENCE BIOLOGY!!!

Why are alleles that are

lethal in a homozygous
individual maintained in
the gene pool?
(Use Sickle Cell and
Malaria as an example.)

Types of Selection and

Hardy Weinberg Notes
(Ch. 16.2)
Monday, 2/27/12

In Single- Gene Traits,

there are two phenotypes,
whereas in polygenic traits,
there are multiple
phenotypes.
Natural Selection acts
differently on each of these.

Is height
a singlegene trait
or a
polygenic
trait?
Polygenic Trait!

Is Sickle Cell Anemia a

single gene trait or a
polygenic trait?

Single
Gene Trait!

Natural Selection on
Single-Gene Traits can
lead to
changes in allele
frequencies and therefore,
evolution!
This was shown in the
Peppered Moth Simulation.

Natural Selection on
Polygenic Traits occurs
in three ways:
1.Disruptive Selection
2.Stabilizing

Selection

3.Directional

Selection

Directional
Selection
When individuals at one end of

the curve have a higher fitness

than those at the other end.

Examples: Finch bills, peppered

moths

Animation of Directional Selection:

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/487/4

99541/CDA22_2/CDA22_2b/CDA22_2b.htm

Stabilizing
Selection
When individuals near the center of

the curve have higher fitness than

individuals at either end of the curveselection against both extremes.

Examples: human baby size, lizard size,

number of children

Animation of Stabilizing Selection:

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,645

2,499573-,00.html

Disruptive
Selection
When individuals at the lower and

upper ends of the curve have higher

fitness than those in the middle. This
could cause the population to split
into two distinct subgroups.

Examples: duck bills, sexual

dimorphism, sickle cell anemia

Animation of Disruptive Selection:

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/487/499541/

CDA22_2/CDA22_2d/CDA22_2d.htm

CA BIO STANDARDEvolution
Students know the

conditions for HardyWeinberg equilibrium in a

population and why these
conditions are not likely
to appear in nature.

Hardy-Weinberg
Principle
Allele frequencies in a population

will remain constant unless one or

more factors causes those
frequencies to change.

When allele frequencies remain

constant, it is called genetic equilibrium.

If there is genetic equilibrium, evolution

will not occur.

Five conditions required

to maintain genetic
equilibrium:
1.Random mating
2.Large population
3.No movement into or out

of the population
4.No mutations
5.No natural selection

Conditions necessary for

Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl

ace/labbench/lab8/intro.html

Animation of H-W
Conditions
http://zoology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/t

utorials/Flash/life4e_15-6-OSU.swf

Hardy Weinberg
Equation
Students know how to

solve the Hardy-Weinberg

equation to predict the
frequency of genotypes
in a population, given the
frequency of phenotypes.

Hardy Weinberg Cheat

Sheet!
Frequency of dominant allele = p
Frequency of recessive allele = q
The sum of the two alleles in a

population = 100%
or
p+q=1

Hardy Weinberg Cheat

Sheet!
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 = frequency of AA homozygotes
2pq = frequency of Aa heterozygotes
q2 = frequency of aa homozygotes
1 = frequency of all genotypes

Hardy Weinberg Sample

Problems
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl

ace/labbench/lab8/samprob1.html

H-W Sample Problem:

Albinism
http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/sample.

htm

Hardy Weinberg
Problem Set
15 points