CHAPTER 7

Kingdom of
PART 1

Introduction - Basic Characteristics of Animalia

Lesson Outcome
Describe and explain the characteristics, unique
life history and common features of each major
group of living things.

Describe the evolution & characteristics of animals.

Differentiate the plant and protozoa.
Differentiate the major phylum of animal.
Differentiate the life cycle & characteristics of each
phylum and their classes.

Lesson Contents

INTRODUCTION
General Characteristics
Multicellular
, eukayotes

Heterotrop
h

Lack of cell wall

Specialized tissues,
organs & systems

Reproduce
sexually

(muscular & nervous)

(Most are diploid)

Motile

Habitat

marine, freshwater
and land

General Characteristics
Animals are MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES with tissues arranged
in organs and organ systems. Each of it has specialized function.
Animals are HETEROTROPHIC - obtaining carbon compound and
energy by ingesting other animals/by absorbing nutrients
from them.
Animals require oxygen for aerobic respiration.
Animal LIFE CYCLES include a period of embryonic development.
Briefly, mitotic cell division will transform an animal zygote
embryo.
Embryonic cell will give rise to primary tissue layers
(ectoderm, endoderm and in most species, mesoderm) which later
will transform to tissues and organs.

Mitotic division Early embryonic development

(3 layer)

GASTRULATION
movement of cells to
form 2 layers
BLASTOPORE
the opening where
cells move inward

Ectoderm outside
layer
Endoderm inside
layer
Mesoderm middle
layer

Reconstructing Phylogeny
Biologists agree that animals evolved from protists,
probably from colonial flagellates.
The cells become specialized to perform specific
functions
e.g. movement, feeding, reproduction etc.

As this division of labor evolved, the colony reached the

level of cooperation and coordination that qualified
it to be considered a single organism.

One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated

protist.
(The arrows symbolize evolutionary time.)

Classification of Animals
Animal Body Plan
Biologists divide animals into PARAZOA and EUMETAZOA.
PARAZOA possess multicellular that extremely versatile and can change
their shape and functions. They are not organized by tissues.
E.g. sponges.

EUMETAZOA includes all animal species other than sponges have true
tissues.

Animal Body Plan

The
classification
of animals
Molecul
ar Data

Body
Symmetr
y

4
CRITERIA

Developme
nt Pattern

Body
Cavity

1. Body Symmetry
Symmetry refers to the
arrangement of body
structures in relation to the
axis of body.
Most animals exhibit either
a) RADIAL SYMMETRY
b) BILATERAL SYMMETRY
Body symmetry.
The flowerpot and shovel
are included to help you
remember the radial
bilateral distinction.

a) Radial Symmetry
The body structures have generally
formed of spherical or cylinder.
Multiple planes can be drawn through the central
axis.
Animals with radial symmetry receive stimuli
equally from all directions.
Some of radially symmetrical animals have modified
to biradial symmetry (parts of body become
specialized
so that only 2 planes can divide the body
into similar halves).
Eg. sea anemone, jellyfish, starfish.

b) Bilateral Symmetry
The body plan can be divided through only one plane
which passes through the midline of the body.
It produces equivalent right and left halves that are
mirror image.
In bilaterally symmetry animals, there are leading to the
evolution of cephalization
The development of a head where sensory structure
are concentrated.
Bilateral symmetry and cephalization are considered as
the adaptation for locomotion.
The head of animals meet the environment first and
best equipped to capture food or respond to danger.

 Some basic terms to locate the body structures

of bilaterally symmetry animals:
DORSAL
The back surface of animal
VENTRAL
The underside (belly)
ANTERIOR Towards the head end
(cranial/cephalic)
POSTERIOR Towards the tail end (caudal)
MEDIAL
Towards the tail end
LATERAL
Towards one side of body
In human:
SUPERIOR Towards the head end of
body (cranial)
INFERIOR
Towards the feet (caudal)

 A bilateral symmetry animal has 3 axes:

SAGITTAL PLANE Divides body into right and left parts
FRONTAL PLANE Divides body into dorsal and ventral
parts
CROSS /
Separate the body into anterior and
posterior parts
TRANSVERSE

2. Body Cavity / Tissue

During the early development, most animals groups
consist of
3 embryonic tissue layers, called GERM LAYERS.
1. ECTODERM: The outer layer that gives rise to the outer
covering of the body and to the nervous system.
2. ENDODERM: The inner layer that forms the lining of
digestive tube and other digestive organs.
3. MESODERM: The middle layer that gives rise to most
other body structures including muscles, skeletal
structures and circulatory system.

Body plans of
TRIPLOBLASTIC
The various organ systems of an
animal develop from the three
germ layers that form in the
embryo.
BLUE tissue derived from
ectoderm,
RED tissue derived from
mesoderm
YELLOW tissue derived from
endoderm

 The PARAZOAN develops into two

germ layers (ECTODERM &
ENDODERM) and are referred as
DIPLOBLASTIC.
*The cnidarians and ctenophores,
although are not members of
parazoa; develop only 2 germ
layers and are also called
diploblastic.

The EUMETAZOAN animals

develop three germ layers
(ECTODERM, MESODERM AND
ENDODERM) are called
TRIPLOBLASTIC.

 In TRIPLOBLASTIC animals, the

presence of body cavity usually
is
fluid-filled space with also known
as COELOM.
The coelom appears between
body wall and digestive tube.

Animals with true coelom known

as COELOMATES.
All flatworms (Phylum
Platyhelminthes) and proboscis
worms (Phylum Nemertea) are
TRIPLOBLASTIC but have solid
body without body cavity.
They are known as ACOELOMATES.

Germ Layers

Tissues derived from

endoderm lines the
inner tube (the
digestive tube) which
has an opening at
each end, mouth and
the anus.

The space between the 2 tubes is known

as
body cavity (coelom). If the body cavity
do not lines with mesoderm it is called
PSEUDOCOELOMATE.

a) Coelom
Where the true body cavity COMPLETELY lined by
tissue and it is derived from mesoderm.
COELOM is a fluid-filled space in between the gut
and the body wall of most bilateral animal.
TRIPLOBLASTIC animals can be classified based
on the presence and type of body cavity / coelom.
COELOMATES are animals that possess a true coelom.
Eg. Molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms and
chordates.

b) Pseudocoelom
Where the body cavity are
only PARTIALLY lined by
tissue and it is derived from
mesoderm.
It is called as false coelom,
which are not lined with
peritoneum.
Therefore, PSEUDOCOELOM
is an internal space with a
direct contact with the wall
of the digestive tract (gut).
Eg. Roundworm

3. Development Patterns
Pattern in early development usually observed in
COELOMATE animals.
There are 2 main evolutionary lines in coelomate animals:
a) PROTOSTOMES (include mollusks, annelids and
arthropods)
b) DEUTEROSTOMES (echinoderms and chordates)

Both are differ from each other due to:

i. The pattern of cleavage
ii. Developmental fate of the blastopore
iii. Formation of coelom

i.Difference in pattern of cleavage

Important distinguishing feature between PROTOSTOMES and
DEUTEROSTOMES.
The cleavage starts with the first several cell divisions of the
embryo.
a) In PROTOSTOMES
The early cell divisions are DIAGONAL to the polar axis, centered
between the lower cells.
This pattern of cleavage is known as SPIRAL CLEAVAGE.

b) In DEUTEROSTOMES
The early divisions are either PARALLEL or at right angles to the
polar axis. The resulting cells are located directly above or below
one another.
This pattern of cleavage is known as RADIAL CLEAVAGE.

In
PROTOSTOMES
Spiral Cleavage

In
DEUTEROSTOMES
Radial Cleavage

ii. Developmental fate of the blastopore

. During gastrulation process, a group of cells folds
inward formed a sac that becomes embryonic gut.
. The external opening is called blastopore.

a) In PROTOSTOMES

The BLASTOPORE develop into MOUTH.

b) In DEUTEROSTOMES

The BLASTOPORE develop into ANUS, and the

second opening that develops later on gives rise to
MOUTH.

ii. Fate of
blastopore

a) In PROTOSTOMES CLEAVAGE
The developmental fate is DETERMINATE and each of
the embryonic cells is typically fixed very early.
It means that if you remove one of the first four cells
of protostomes embryo, some of the final structures
cannot develop and the animals are handicapped.

b) In DEUTEROSTOMES CLEAVAGE
The developmental fate is INDETERMINATE.
It means, if you remove one of the first four cells
undergo indeterminate cleavage, other cells are able
to compensate and the embryo develops normally.

iii.Formation of coelom
a) In PROTOSTOMES
. The mesoderms split - the split widens into a cavity that
becomes the coelom.
. This method of coelom formation is known as SCHIZOCOELY.

b) In DEUTEROSTOMES
. The mesoderms form as outpocketings of the
developing gut. The outpocketings structures eventually pinch
off and form pouches.
. The cavity inside pouches becomes the coelom.
. This type of formation is known as ENTEROCOELY.

iii.Formation of
coelom

A comparison of PROTOSTOME and

DEUTEROSTOME development.

4. Molecular Data
Biologists begun to explore
biochemical similarities.
e.g. similarities in rRNA
sequences and Hox genes.
Hox genes are group of
regulatory genes that help
control early development.

One hypothesis of
animal phylogeny
based mainly on
morphological and
developmental
comparisons. The
bilaterians are divided
into protostomes and
deuterostomes.

One hypothesis
of animal
phylogeny based
mainly on
molecular data.
The bilaterians are
divided into
deuterostomes,
lophotrochozoans,
and ecdysozoans,