Principles and Practices

of Management

MODULE 1

Organization,Management
and Managers :
An Introduction

What is an organization?
AN ORGANIZATION IS A CONSCIOUSLY
COORDINATED SOCIAL ENTITY, WITH

RELATIVELY IDENTIFIABLE
BOUNDARY, THAT FUNCTIONS ON
RELATIVELY CONTINUOUS BASIS TO
ACHIEVE A COMMON GOAL OR SET OF
GOALS.
(Stephen P. Robbins)
01/18/17

What is an organization?
A GROUP OF PEOPLE WORKING
TOGETHER COOPERATIVELY
UNDER AUTHORITY TOWARDS
ACHIEVING GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES THAT MUTUALLY
BENEFIT THE PARTICIPANTS
AND THE ORGANIZATION.

What is an organization?
A systematic arrangement
of people to accomplish
some specific purpose..

Common Characteristics of
Organizations
Structure

Goals

Hierarchy who
Will report whom.

People

Organizational Levels
Top
Top
Managers
Managers
Middle
Middle
Managers
Managers
First-Line
First-Line
Managers
Managers
Operatives/Operating
Operatives/Operating Core
Core
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Organizational Levels
Managers:
Direct the activities of others
top managers
middle managers
first-line managers (supervisors)

Operatives/ Operating Core:

Work directly on a job or task
and have no responsibility to
oversee the work of others.
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Mintzberg's Five Basic

Organizational Elements
Strategic
Apex

Technostructure

Middleline

Support
Staff

Operating Core
OSD

Strategic Apex

1. The Strategic Apex: Toplevel

managers, who are charged with the
overall responsibility for the
organization.

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The Operating Core

2. The Operating Core: Employees

who perform the basic work related to the

production of products and/or services.

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Middle Line

3. The Middle Line: Managers, who

connect the operating core to the
strategic apex.
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Technostructure

4.The Techno-structure: Analysts,

who have the responsibility for
creating certain forms of
standardization in the organization.
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Support
Staff

5. The Support Staff: People who fill

the staff units, who provide indirect
services for the organization.
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Concept and Definition of

Management

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What Is Management ?
The process of getting things
done, effectively and efficiently,
through and with other people.
Objective - attain organizational goals
Efficiency - doing things right (in terms
of time, cost, labor).
Effectiveness - doing the right things
or taking right decisions at the right
time.
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M= E2
Ends:
Effectiveness

Means:
Efficiency
R
E
S
O
U
R
C
E
U
S
A
G
E

G
O
A
L

Goals
low
waste

high
attainment

A
T
T
A
I
N
M
E
M
T

MANAGEMENT
is
a
process
undertaken by one or more persons
to coordinate the activities of other
persons to achieve results not
attainable by any one person acting
alone.
The
term
Management
originated from American army.

has
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The term management has different

meanings .
It is important to understand different
definitions:
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT

as
as
as
as

a PROCESS
a DISCIPLINE
PEOPLE
a CAREER
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MANAGEMENT as a PROCESS
Management is a process involving
certain functions and activities that
managers must perform.
Managers also use principles in
managing
which
are
generally
accepted tenets that guide their
thinking and action.
This is what managers do.
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MANAGEMENT as a DISCIPLINE
Classifying
Management
as
a
discipline implies that it is an
accumulated body of knowledge that
can be learned.
Thus Management is a subject with
principles, concepts and theories.

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MANAGEMENT as PEOPLE
It implies people who guide, direct,
and thus manage organizations.
The perspective of management as
people refers to, and emphasizes the
importance of the employees who
manage work in accomplishing an
organization's objectives.

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MANAGEMENT as a CAREER
People
lives to
actually
career.

who devote their working

the process of management
pursue management as a

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Why Study Management?

The power of organizations in our lives
and our vested interests are that they
be well managed.
You will either manage or be managed
Insight into your bosss behavior
Insight into your own abilities and a
foundation to develop skills.
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 People who wish to have a career as

a manager must study the discipline
of management as a means toward
practicing
the
process
of
management.

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How Do We Study Management ?

The Process Approach
Management Functions
The Systems Approach
Interdependent and interrelated
parts make a whole
Open & Closed
The Contingency Approach
Dependent on situational variables

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What Do Managers Do ?
Four Functions of Management:
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
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Levels of Management
Strategic Planning and
Long-term goals
Top
Managers
Middle Managers

Tactical Planning and

Intermediate goals

First-line/Front-line Managers

Operational
Planning and
Short-term goals
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Levels of Management
Top management: Responsible for
overall performance and effectiveness,
Formulation of strategies, Policy making
e.g. CEO (Strategic Planning and Longterm goals)

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Levels of Management
(contd.)
Middle management: Implementing
strategies, policies and decisions made
by top management
e.g. Plant Manager, Division head
(Tactical Planning, Intermediate goals)

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Levels of Management (contd.)

Supervisory (first-level):
Working and supervising workers,
interacting with suppliers, foremen,
etc.
e.g. Section leader (Operational Planning
and Short-term goals)

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s
Ski
ll

ical

Ski
ll
e pt
u al

Tec
hn

First/Front Line
Management

Co
nc

Middle Level
Management

Top Level
Management

Human Relations
Skills

Basic Management Skills

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First/Front Line
Management

Global and Technology

Management Skills

Middle Level
Management

Time Management
Skills

Top Level
Management

Decision-making
Skills

Basic Management Skills (contd.)

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Managerial Skills
Conceptual skills:
Mental ability to think and see beyond the present
situation
Most important skills for Top management

Technical skills:
Ability to use the knowledge, tools and techniques,

Help employees solve work-related problems

-accounting, engineering, sales
Most important for First-line management

Human relations skills:

Able to understand and interact with people,
Equally important for all management levels

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Managerial Skills (contd.)

Decision-making skills: ability to
define problems and select the
best courses of action.
Time
management
skills:
efficient and productive use of
time

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Questions

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Assess your understanding

1. What is the difference between managers
and operative employees?
2. What is meant by the terms organization and
management?
3. What is the difference between efficiency
and effectiveness?
4. What are the four basic functions of
management?
5. What are the three levels of managers and
the primary responsibility of each group?
6. . What are the four skills necessary for
becoming a successful manager?
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