PERFORMING

MENSURATION AND
CALCULATION (PMC)
ENGR. DIANA ROSS D. DIAZ

MEMORY
Computermemoryis any physical
device
capable
of
storing
information
temporarily
or
permanently. For example, Random
Access Memory (RAM), is a volatile
memory that stores information on
anintegrated circuitused by the
operating system,software,
and

MEMORY
What does computer memory look
like?

MEMORY
Volatile vs. non-volatile memory

Volatile memoryis a
memory that loses its
contents when the
computer or hardware
device loses power

MEMORY
Volatile Memory - Computer
RAM is an example of a
volatile memory and is why if
your computer freezes or
reboots when working on a
program, you lose anything

MEMORY
Non-volatile memory,
sometimes abbreviated as
NVRAM, is a memory that
keeps its contents even if
the power is lost.EPROMis
an example of a non-

MEMORY
Non-volatile memory,
sometimes abbreviated as
NVRAM, is a memory that
keeps its contents even if
the power is lost.EPROMis
an example of a non-

THREE TYPES OF
MEMORY
Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main
Memory
Secondary Memory

CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory is a very
high speed
semiconductor memory
which can speed up
CPU. It acts as a buffer
between the CPU and

CACHE MEMORY ADVANTAGES

Cache memory is faster than

main memory.
It consumes less access time
as compared to main memory.
It stores the program that can
be executed within a short
period of time.

CACHE MEMORY DISADVANTAGES

Cache memory has

limited capacity.
It is very expensive.

PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
Primary memory holds only
those data and instructions
on which computer is
currently working. It has
limited capacity and data is
lost when power is switched

PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
It is generally made up of
semiconductor device. These
memories are not as fast as
registers. The data and
instruction required to be
processed reside in main

PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.

ROM READ ONLY

MEMORY
Read-only memory (ROM)
chips are located in the
motherboard. ROM chips
contain instructions that can
be directly accessed by the
CPU. Basic instructions for
booting the computer and

ROM READ ONLY

MEMORY

ROM chips retain their

contents even when the
computer is powered down.
The contents cannot be
erased or changed by normal
means.

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY
Random access memory
(RAM) is the temporary
storage for data and
programs that are being
accessed by the CPU. RAM is
volatile memory, which
means that the contents are

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY

The more RAM in a computer,

the more capacity the
computer has to hold and
process large programs and
files, as well as enhance
system performance.

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY
Early computers had RAM installed
in the motherboard as individual
chips. The individual memory chips,
called dual inline package (DIP)
chips, was difficult to install and
often became loose on the
motherboard. To solve this problem,
designers soldered the memory

HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF

MEMORY MODULES:

HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF

MEMORY MODULES:

HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF

MEMORY MODULES:

HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF

MEMORY MODULES:

HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF

MEMORY MODULES:

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY
SIMMs have 30-pin and 72pin configurations. DIMM is
a circuit board that holds
SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and
DDR2 SDRAM.

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY
The speed of memory has a
direct impact on how much
data a processor can process
because faster memory
improves the performance of
the processor. As processor
speed increases, memory

RAM RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY
Double Data Rate (DDR)
technology doubles the maximum
bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2
offers faster performance while
using less energy. DDR3 operates
at even higher speeds than
DDR2; however, none of these
DDR technologies are backward-

SECONDARY MEMORY
This type of memory is also
known as external memory or
non-volatile. It is slower than
main memory. These are used for
storing data/Information
permanently. CPU directly does
not access these memories
instead they are accessed via

CHARACTERISTIC OF
SECONDARY MEMORY

These are magnetic and optical

memories
It is known as backup memory.
It is non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if
power is switched off.
It is used for storage of data in a
computer.
Computer may run without secondary

STORAGE DRIVES
Storage drives read or write
information on magnetic or
optical storage media. The
drive can be used to store
data permanently or to
retrieve information from a
media disk

FLOPPY DRIVE
A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is
a storage device that uses removable
3.5-inch floppy disks. These magnetic
floppy disks can store 720 KB or 1.44
MB of data. In a computer, the floppy
drive is usually configured as the A:
drive. The floppy drive can be used to
boot the computer if it contains a
bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-inch

FLOPPY DRIVE

HARD DRIVE / SSD

OPTICAL DRIVE
EXTERNAL FLASH DRIVE

PROCESSOR
A processor is the logic
circuitry that responds to and
processes the basic
instructionsthat drive a
computer. The four primary
functionsof a processor are
fetch, decode, execute and

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A

PROCESSOR:

The arithmetic logic unit(

ALU), which carries out
arithmetic and logic
operationson the
operandsininstructions.

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A

PROCESSOR:

The floating point unit (FPU),

also known as a math
coprocessor or numeric
coprocessor, a specialized
coprocessorthat manipulates
numbers more quickly than
the basic

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A

PROCESSOR:

Registers, which hold

instructions and other data.
Registers supplyoperandsto
the ALU and store the results
of operations.

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A

PROCESSOR:

L1 and L2cache memory.

Their inclusion in the CPU
saves time compared to
having to get data
fromrandom access
memory (RAM).

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A

PROCESSOR:

Most processors today are

multi-core, which means that
the IC contains two or more
processorsfor enhanced
performance, reduced power
consumption and more
efficient simultaneous

PROCESSOR

Most processors today are

multi-core, which means that
the IC contains two or more
processorsfor enhanced
performance, reduced power
consumption and more
efficient simultaneous

TEN BEST CPU

1. AMD A8-7670K
Ideal for laptop users
Processor Cores:4 |Thermal Design
Power:95W |Graphics
Controller:Radeon R7 Series |Clock
Speed:3.6GHz |Processor Socket:FM2+
|L2 Cache:4MB
Great for gaming at medium resolutions
Decent multi-threaded performance
Relatively high TDP

TEN BEST CPU

2. Intel Xeon E5-2670
Best for experienced power seekers
Processor cores:8 |Thermal Design
Power:115W |Graphics Controller:None
|Clockspeed:2.6GHz |Processor
socket:FCLGA1011 |Cache:20MB
Blazingly fast for certain tasks
Cheap as chips
Power guzzler
Xeon motherboards are pricier

TEN BEST CPU

3. Intel Core i3-6100
Heavy lifting on the cheap
Processor Cores:2 |Thermal Design
Power:65W |Graphics Controller:Intel
HD Graphics 530 |Clock Speed:3.7GHz
|Processor Socket:LGA 1151 |L2
Cache:2 x 256KB

TEN BEST CPU

AMD Sempron 3850
Its most affordable quad-core chip
Processor Cores:4 |Thermal Design
Power:25W |Graphics Controller:AMD
Radeon HD 8280 |Clock Speed:1.3GHz
|Processor Socket:AM1 |L2 Cache:2MB

TEN BEST CPU

5. Intel Pentium G4400
Skylake on a budget
Processor Cores:2 |Thermal Design
Power:65W |Graphics Controller:Intel
HD Graphics 510 |Clock Speed:3.3GHz
|Processor Socket:FCLGA1151 |L2
Cache:3MB
Good performer on a bargain
Very low TDP
May require new motherboard

TEN BEST CPU

6. Intel Core i7-6700K

This quad-core one's a bit different
Processor Cores:4 |Thermal Design
Power:91W |Graphics Controller:Intel
HD Graphics 530 |Clock Speed:4.0GHz
|Processor Socket:LGA 1151 |L2
Cache:4 x 256KB
14nm goodness
Opens up overclocking
It's not a lot faster
Still just four cores

TEN BEST CPU

7. Intel Core i5-4690K

One of Intel's best-selling parts
Processor Cores:4 |Thermal Design
Power:88W |Graphics Controller:Intel
HD Graphics 4600 |Clock Speed:3.5GHz
|Processor Socket:LGA 1150 |L2
Cache:4 x 256KB
Approachable price
Easy to overclock
No hyper-threading
Fairly high TDP

VIDEO CARD

Alternatively known as
adisplay adapter,graphics
card,video adapter,video
board, orvideo controller,
avideo cardis anICor
internalboard that creates a
picture on adisplay.

AMPERAGE (AMPS)

the strength of an
electric current in
amperes.

AMPERE
A unit of
measurement which
describes the amount
of electric passing a
certain point at a
particular time

AMPERE
a unit of electric
current equal to a flow
of one coulomb per
second.

CENTIMETER
a metric unit of length,
equal to one
hundredth of a meter.

INCH

A portion of a foot
which is a English Unit
of linear measurement

MILLIMETER
one thousandth of a
meter (0.039 in.).

MEGGER

An instrument used to
measure the insulation
resistance of conductors
or wire. It gives
measurement in ohms or
mega ohms.

MULTITESTER

Amultimeteror amultitester, also

known as aVOM(Volt-Ohm meter), is
an electronic measuring instrument
that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter may include features such
as the ability to measure voltage,
current and resistance.

OHMMETER

an instrument for
measuring
electrical
resistance.

VOLT

A unit of
measurement of
electrical pressure
or voltage

VOLTMETER

An instrument for
measuring voltage

WIRE GAUGE

Use to measure
diameter of
magnetic wire

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

As with other meters, the

incorrect use of a multimeter
could cause injury or
damage. The following safety
precautions are
theMINIMUMfor using a

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Deenergize and discharge the circuit

completely before connecting or
disconnecting amultimeter

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Never apply power to

the circuit while
measuring resistance
with a multimeter.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Connect the
multimeterin series
with the circuit for
current measurements,
and in parallel for

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Be certain the
multimeteris switched
to ac before attempting
to measure ac circuits.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Be certain the
multimeteris switched
to ac before attempting
to measure ac circuits.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Observe proper

dc

polarity when
measuring dc. When
you are finished with a
multimeter, switch it to
the OFF position, if

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

If there is no OFF
position, switch the
multimeter to the
highest ac voltage
position.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Always start with the

highest voltage or
current range.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Select a final range

that allows a reading
near the middle of the
scale.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Adjust the "0 ohms"

reading after changing

resistance ranges and
before making a
resistance
measurement.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Be certain to read ac
measurements on the
ac scale of a
multimeter.

MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Observe the general

safety precautions for
electrical and
electronic devices.

MULTITESTER

MULTITESTER

I am an odd number.
Take away one letter
and I become even.
What number am I?

Can you arrange four 9's

and use of atmost 2 math
symbols, make the total
be 100?

Using eight eights

and addition only,
can you make
1000